Handling information Essay

1. Understand requirements for handling information in health and social care setting 1.1 identify legislation and codes of practice that relate to handling information in health and social care: All of the staff need to make sure that confidentiality is paramount. Staff have to read and understand the Data Protection Act of 1998. We have to make sure that we are clear about our standards of conduct, that we are expected to meet. We are encouraged to use the codes of conduct to maintain our own practice is good and we need to look at any area’s that we can improve on. When it comes to Medication, staff have to make sure that all stock is listed on the MAR sheet. The Human Rights Act 1998 details the right to a private life. There is also the GSCC code of practice for social care workers, which provides a clear guide for all those who work in social work, setting out the standards of practice and conduct workers and their employers should meet with regards the handling of information. There is also Caldecott standards which govern the sharing of information based on the Data protection Act. 1.2 summarise the main points of legal requirements and codes of practice for handling information in health and social care. The 8 Principles of the Data Protection Act 1998 states the personal data must be: Processed fairly and lawfully Processed only for one or more specified and lawful purpose Adequate, relevant and not excessive for the purpose Accurate and kept up to date Kept for no longer than is necessary Processed in line with the rights of the individual Secure against accidental loss, destruction or damage and against unauthorized / unlawful processing Not transferred to countries outside the European economic area The six main points of the gscc code of practice states that health and social care workers must provide the following: Protect the rights and promote the interests of service users and carers. Strive to establish and maintain the trust and confidence of service users and carers. Promote the independence of service users while protecting them as far as possible from danger or harm. Respect the rights of service users while seeking to ensure that their behaviour does not harm themselves or other people. Uphold public trust and confidence in social care services. Be accountable for the quality of your work and take responsibility for maintaining and improving your knowledge and skills. 1.3. describe features of manual and electronic information storage systems that help ensure security Manual systems inevitably mean paper type records (text, photos, X-Ray, hand written notes or comments, etc.) These require to be out of general view when in use and locked away when not in use or attended. Lockable filing cabinets, locked rooms (by key or number pad), locked briefcase (when in transit) and special vaults and safes. Electronic records can be protected by password access to the computer, to the folder, to the file. Some systems allow access (to anything electronic) by only authorised personnel based on employee number or similar. Some computers are not connected to the internet to avoid the risk of intervention. Movement of data should require that the data is first encrypted so if intercepted cannot be viewed.

Buenvenido Lumbera Essay

Education: Bienvenido Lumbera received his Litt.B. and M.A. degrees from the University of Santo Tomas in 1950. Ph.D. in Comparative Literature from Indiana University in 1968. Academe: Bienvenido Lumbera taught Literature, Philippine Studies and Creative Writing at the Ateneo de Manila University, De La Salle University, the University of the Philippine Diliman, and the University of Santo Tomas. Bienvenido Lumbera was also appointed visiting professor of Philippine Studies at Osaka University of Foreign Studies in Japan from 1985 to 1988 and the very first Asian Scholar in Residence at the University of Hawaii at Manoa. Organizational Affiliation: Bienvenido Lumbera also established his leadership among Filipino writers, artists and critics by co-founding cultural organizations such as the Philippine Comparative Literature Association in 1969; Pamana ng Panitikan ng Pilipinas in 1970; Kalipunan para sa mga Literatura ng Pilipinas in 1975; Philippine Studies Association of the Philippines in 1984 and Manunuri ng Pelikulang Pilipino in 1976. In such ways, Bienvenido Lumbera contributed to the downfall of Marcos although he was in Japan during the 1986 Edsa uprising, teaching at the Osaka University of Foreign Studies. Bienvenido Lumbera is also the founding and current chairperson of the Board of Trustees of the multi-awarded media group Kodao Productions and a member of the Concerned Artists of the Philippines and the Bagong Alyansang Makabayan. Literary Reputation: Bienvenido Lumbera is now widely acknowledge as one of the pillars of contemporary Philippine Literature, Cultural Studies and Film, having written and edited numerous books on literary history, literary criticism and film. Bienvenido Lumbera also received several awards citing his contribution to Philippine Letters, most notably the 1975 Palanca Award for Literature; the 1993 Magsaysay Award for Journalism Literature, and Creative Communication Arts; several National Book Awards from the Manila Critics Circle; the 1998 Philippine Centennial Literary Prize for Drama; and the 1999 Cultural Center of the Philippines Centennial Honors for the Arts. Bienvenido Lumbera is currently the editor of sanghaya (National Commission on Culture and the Arts), Professor at the Department of English in the School of Humanities of the Ateneo de Manila University, Emeritus Professor at the Department of Filipino and Philippine Literature, College of Arts and Letters, University of the Philippines Diliman, and Professor of Literature at De La Salle University. For a time, Bienvenido Lumbera also served as President of the Alliance of Concerned Teachers (ACT), a National Organization of more than 40,000 teachers and employees in the education sector. The launching of Bayan at Lipunan: Ang Kritisismo ni Bienvenido Lumbera, edited by Rosario Torres Yu and published by the University of Santo Tomas Publishing House, was celebrated by the University of the Philippines in January 2006. Bienvenido Lumbera was proclaimed National Artist in April 2006. Poetry: Likhang Dila, Likhang Diwa nuong 1993. Poetika/Pulitika nuong 2008. Ka Bel. Works[edit source | editbeta] Poetry[edit source | editbeta] Likhang Dila, Likhang Diwa, 1993 Poetika/Pulitika, 2008 Ka Bel Literary criticism[edit source | editbeta] Revaluation: Essays on Literature, Cinema, and Popular Culture, 1984 Tagalog Poetry, 1570-1898: Tradition and Influences on Its Development, 1986 Abot-Tanaw: Sulyap at Suri sa Nagbabagong Kultura at Lipunan, 1987 Textbooks[edit source | editbeta] Pedagogy Philippine Literature: A History and Anthology Rediscovery: Essays in Philippine Life and Culture Filipinos Writing: Philippine Literature from the Regions Paano Magbasa ng Panitikang Filipino: Mga Babasahing Pangkolehiyo Librettos[edit source | editbeta] Tales of the Manuvu Rama, Hari Nasa Puso ang Amerika Bayani Noli Me Tangere Hibik at Himagsik Nina Victoria Laktaw Awards[edit source | editbeta] National Artist, April, 2006 Ramon Magsaysay Award for Journalism, Literature, and Creative Communication Arts, 1993 Pambansang Gawad Pambansang Alagad ni Balagtas, Unyon ng mga Manunulat ng Pilipinas (UMPIL) National Book Awards from the Manila Critics’ Circle Carlos Palanca Memorial Award for Literature Visiting Professorship, Osaka University of Foreign Studies Professor Emeritus, University of the Philippines Philippine Centennial Literary Prize for Drama  Cultural Center of the Philippines Centennial Honors for the Arts 1st Asian scholar-in-residence at the University of Hawaii at Manoa *As a poet, he  introduced to Tagalog literature what is now known as Bagay poetry, a landmark aesthetic tendency that has helped to change the vernacular poetic tradition. He is the author of the following works: Likhang Dila, Likhang Diwa (poems in Filipino and English), 1993; Balaybay, Mga Tulang Lunot at Manibalang, 2002; Sa Sariling Bayan, Apat na Dulang May Musika, 2004; â€Å"Agunyas sa Hacienda Luisita,† Pakikiramay, 2004. As a librettist for theTales of the Manuvu and Rama Hari, he pioneered the creative fusion of fine arts and popular imagination. As a scholar, his major books include the following:Tagalog Poetry, 1570-1898: Tradition and Influences in its Development; Philippine Literature: A History and Anthology, Revaluation: Essays on Philippine Literature, Writing the Nation/Pag-akda ng Bansa

Outsourcing Can Help America Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Outsourcing Can Help America - Research Paper Example Whether American residents like it or not, outsourcing has become a glaring reality to the American people. Many American have lost their jobs because of the outsourcing phenomenon. The research delves on the many advantages of outsourcing American jobs to other countries. Outsourcing can be interpreted as good for American business and America as a whole. First, American companies can generate more salary savings. Companies pay the salaries of their employees. When hiring an American employee, the American companies must comply with American labor laws. The labor laws indicate that the company must comply with the minimum wage law. The minimum wage law gives different rates for each job classification. The minimum wage law was instituted in order to prevent the proliferation of abusive sweat shops. The International Labor Organization spearheaded he establishment of minimum wages in many countries. Consequently, different countries have different minimum wages. Likewise, different c ountries have different wage laws (Neumark 20). The scene shows that the United States minimum wage continued to increase through the years. The minimum wage during 1974 was $2.00 per hour. The minimum wage during 1978 was $ 2.65 per hour. The minimum wage during 1990 was $3.80. The minimum wage during 1997 was $5.15. The minimum wage during 2007 was $5.85. ... The law does not apply or infringe on the minimum wage laws of other countries. China has a lower minimum wage law amount compared to the United States. India has a lower minimum wage figure when compared to the United States minimum wage. Consequently, American companies can take advantage of the other countries lower minimum wage laws (Neumark 25). India continues to be the leading outsourcing destination. The company can hire an India company to do the call center jobs that American can do. With the current information technology advances, people anywhere around the world can communicate with one another live. The use of the internet has ushered in the chat technology and video conferencing technology. Under the new technology, an India call center company can take the calls of the American companies’ online current and future customers. American companies can hire the India companies to sell goods and services of the United States companies’ products online. There a re many outsourcing country destinations. South Africa’s outsourcing costs is higher than India’s outsourcing costs. The Russian outsourcing situation indicates there are more language barrier issues when compared to the English speaking India employees. The Czech Republic outsourcing cost is higher than India’s outsourcing cost. Malaysia’s outsourcing employees has lesser talent pools compared to India’s outsourcing source. Mexico’s outsourcing cost is higher than India’s outsourcing cost (Greene 20). The American companies’ customers would not know if the person answering their online or phone inquiries is working within United States or located in another country (Halvey 18). India has been known to be a

International management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

International management - Essay Example Equally, in polychronic societies, individuals tend to tackle numerous tasks simultaneously and to highlight the amount of finished activities and the number of individuals implicated, rather than the devotion to time programme. Being on time is of little significance in polychronic systems than in Monochronic systems3. High-context cultures refer to connected, Marxist, instinctive, and thoughtful systems.   This implies that individuals in these backgrounds highlight interpersonal relations4.   Creating trust is a significant initial stage to any company contract.   Examples include Middle East, Asian states, Africa5.   Low-context cultures are describes as rational, linear, personal, and action-based.   Populace from low-context systems treasure sense, truth, and openness6. Choices depend on truth rather than insight.   To be completely apparent, they struggle to employ accurate statements and aim them to be understood literally.  This is extremely diverse from speakers in high-context systems that rely less on speech exactness and lawful documents. Examples include USA and Western Europe. Attribution refers to the procedure by which grounds or motives are given to describe other individuals’ character7. Dispositional attributions propose that some individuality trait or logical quality exceptional to the individual is responsible for the personality. Situational attributions propose that the outside condition or culture in which the marked individual exists was liable for the personality8. Consistency signals mirror how constantly an individual engages in various manners over time. We tend to see habit that an individual does frequently as suggestive of his or her factual purpose Consensus cues mirror how an individual’s behaviour contrasts to that of others9. Universally, activities which diverge from social anticipations give us with more facts concerning the actors intentions than conforming manners do. In exchanging

Monopoly and AntitrustPolicy Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Monopoly and AntitrustPolicy - Assignment Example What would happen if the law preventing competition in this market was removed? Explain your answer. According to Foldvary (2010), â€Å"A "natural monopoly" is defined in economics as an industry where the fixed cost of the capital goods is so high that it is not profitable for a second firm to enter and compete. There is a "natural" reason for this industry being a monopoly, namely that the economies of scale require one, rather than several, firms. Small-scale ownership would be less efficient.† The USPS is a natural monopoly. Costs would go up if competition was allowed in this market. With natural monopolies, one firm can control an entire industry and still achieve the lowest price. 4. Patents are granted every 20 years. However, drug companies don’t have patents on new drugs for this long a time because it takes several years for FDA approval. In your opinion, should drug patents be extended for 20 years? Who would benefit? Who would not benefit? I do not believe that drug patents should be extended for 20 years simply because of the high cost of new drugs. Many people cannot afford their medication unless it is generic. The consumer would not benefit, but the drug companies

A Family business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

A Family business - Essay Example urse, I plan to become an entrepreneur with the best possible amount I can invest in a Middle Eastern style restaurant with the help of my family members. I am imbued with the ‘push factor’ (Preston, Fryer & Watson, 2006) that is the involvement of my own people will encourage me during my hardships and with their joint effort; I will prove my potential business skills. Having clearly studied all the possibilities and constraints of the business, I am rather determined to set up the restaurant named â€Å"GulfGate† after due consultation with experienced people from my relatives and well-wishers. A positive side of the restaurant is the balanced nature of ‘pay for quality’; the equation to be practiced during the operation for best result of business. The choice of this stream was supported with the expectation of increased number of customers from countries like India, China, Singapore and Malaysia. Since the location of the business is expected to be in the suburbs of Dubai, it is easy to gather a huge number of customers very easily. Quality food is the major concern I emphasize for the regular update of the restaurant for which I have plans to post people at different parts of the city for distinguished purchase. A greater part of my burden to find a cook is eased with the inclusion of my cousin, who is an experienced graduate in food design and hotel management. Since this is a family unit, less implication of mistrust can be witnessed. Depending on the religious aspects, our family stands better in the society; therefore, we can claim easy access with people and their support. This is a business intended to service and trade, therefore, expert opinions from elders would also support us in the long run. As Preston, Fryer & Watson (2006) state, Small business has other advantages like the better knowledge about the local business environment and can sub-contract the projects of big businesses. However, I don’t deny the possibilities of disparities

Proposal assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Proposal - Assignment Example Visit to the industrial site will enable the students to understand and observe practically what is taught in their engineering class. Practical is part of the work that the students should observe after class work for better understanding of what was taught. Trips to different industrial sites are part learning for those pursuing engineering courses. Since the institution does not own the industrial site, the students are forced to travel outside the institution and visit one of the industrial sites for them to learn. When the students complete their studies, they will be employed in the industrial sites, which is necessary for them to understand practically the processes taking place in the industrial sites. It will be disadvantageous for the students who will be employed in various industrial sites without any practical knowledge of the processes taking place in the site. Field trips or a visit to industrials sites is part of learning. The industrial site will be constructed at the University. Construction will start immediately after the responsible officials in the institution have approved the proposal. It is important for the learning institution to have one of the industrial sites in the compound to be used by the engineering students during their practical. It will be convenient and cheaper to the institution as compared to travelling or visiting industrial sites outside the institution. It is because the institution will spend more funds to organize for the trip and even the charges required to be allowed to visit different places in the industrial site. When the institution constructs one of the industrial sites in the compound, it will be expensive to initiate but they will spend once during construction. The subsequent years will be only repairs, which will be cheaper. Availability of the industrial site in the institution will save time for the students and lecturers. It is because

Contemporary Organisational Theory Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Contemporary Organisational Theory - Assignment Example nsion felt in 24 nations in the world, signifying the complexities required for the management of such organisation, it has defiled the conventional methods adopted by organisations with the same complexities. The system adopted by Gore sought to deviate from the conventional methods of management. The concept was based on theory Y, which sought to build human relation. The theory assumes that people get motivation within self. When one is self-motivated, they become anxious to identify solutions for different problems. Besides, the theory ascribes that such individuals have the potential of working together in tasks without jeopardising the peace in the work environment. The method used by Bill and Vieve limited the number of employees for every given plant facility. For instance, they believe that 200 associates are appropriate for the model because it encourage the development of interpersonal trust. The two believes that if the number is exceeded, the productivity is likely to decline. They solved the problem by ensuring that every time the number is reached they opened a new facility instead of expanding. The concept of a limited number of employees is based on the anthropological concepts developed by Robin Dunbar. The concept asserts that social groupings correlates with the size that human can manage. Cases of complex social relations are not appropriate when encouraging human relationship. The number of people each employee can relate with was estimated to be 148 according to Dunbar. The new associates were given mentors who guided them and carried them through the units in the organisation to identify areas that match with their skills and talents. The approach is unique because it enables new entrance to identify areas within the organisation that matches with their preferences and hence improves their output. These strategies are unique because most organisations have right job descriptions used for employing new people based on the items listed in the

Social Media Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Social Media - Essay Example Information sharing is considered as one of the major aspects of social media. The success of social media relies on the way people transmit and share information in an efficient manner (Panahi, Watson and Partridge, â€Å"Social Media and Tacit Knowledge Sharing: Developing a Conceptual Model†). Thesis Statement The report discusses the opinions of people on the usage of social media for sharing information. In order to understand the opinions about social media, two people have been interviewed on how they make use of social media for gaining information in one of the popular social networking sites named ‘Facebook’. The objective of the report is to recognize the importance of social media for sharing of information in present times. Information Sharing and Facebook Social media permits users to share their views, experiences, thoughts, understandings and perspectives effortlessly. Social media has opened new opportunities for users to involve in online groups and to develop media contents. Social media utilizes Web 2.0 application which has brought in a big revolution in the internet. Social media encourages sharing of information in a cooperative way. ... In these social networking sites people can establish relationships and influence social associations for sharing information and resources. In this context, it can be stated that Facebook is the biggest social networking site in the world (Wilson, Boe, Sala, Puttaswamy and Zhao, â€Å"User Interactions in Social Networks and their Implications†). It allows users to share basic information such as name, birthdate and other private interests. In Facebook, people use messaging applications in order to share information. Unlike other social networking websites, Facebook is developed by the model of networks which categorizes users to membership oriented groups. Users’ network membership enables to decide the type of information they can view and how their information is viewed by other people. Users can easily share photos and can post remarks (Wilson, Boe, Sala, Puttaswamy and Zhao, â€Å"User Interactions in Social Networks and their Implications†). Data Collectio n In order to understand the opinions of the people about information sharing in social media, two teenage students have been interviewed. The reason for selecting teenage students is that they are considered as the most active players in using social media and they also engage in social media activities frequently. Findings The interviewees were interrogated with close ended questions and open ended questions in order to understand their modes of using social media along with their thoughts about it for information sharing. The interview began with asking two questions concerning the frequency of using Facebook messaging and information sharing. It has been found that both interviewees use instant messaging on Facebook on a daily basis. With respect to sharing information both contribute

Study Guide Literary Terms Essay Example for Free

Study Guide Literary Terms Essay

Study on the association between schizophrenia and violence

Study on the association between schizophrenia and violence Schizophrenia is a mental health disorder characterised by a disintegration of thought processes and emotional responsiveness. Schizophrenic individuals are presented with a wide range of symptoms. These are often classified in terms of positive and negative symptoms. Positive symptoms may include presentation of hallucinations, delusions, disorganised speech or thinking, disorganised behaviour, catatonic behaviours, derealisation, and unusual motor behaviour, while negative symptoms may include affective flattening, alogia, or avolition (DSM-IV; Kneisl Trigoboff, 2009). Although wide ranging, the experience of psychotic manifestations, such as hearing internal voices or experiencing sensations not connected to an obvious source, are common in this group of individuals. These individuals are often marked by an inability to function in daily life and require a significant level of care and support system. Given the variable presentations, no single or a mix of symptoms is definitive for diagnosis. The diagnosis criteria thus encompass a pattern of expressed symptoms and in conjunction with impaired occupational or social functioning (DSM-IV). The onset of this disorder usually begins during late adolescence or early adulthood. It can be a gradual process, whereby the individual became increasingly seclusive. It can sometimes be sudden, marked by emotional turmoil and intense confusion (Strauss, Carpenter Bethesda, 1972). The prevalence of Schizophrenia is approximately 1% of the general population and appears to be constant across cultures (Bhugra, 2005). The literature suggests that the aetiology of Schizophrenia is multifactorial. In regards to environmental components, it is unclear whether childhood trauma and stress influence the development of Schizophrenia, but there is evidence to suggest that environmental factors (Heinrichs, 1993), such as maternal stress, may be important in the aetiology of Schizophrenia, as high level of stress may trigger Schizophrenia by increasing Cortisol level in the body. In addition, enlarged brain ventricles and decreased activity in the frontal lobe is observed in some individuals with Schizophrenia. Together, it suggests that abnormal brain chemistry and brain structure may be important in the development of Schizophrenia. It has also been observed that there is a strong hereditary component in the manifestation of Schizophrenic symptoms. Individuals with a first-degree relative who has schizophrenia have a 10% change of developing the disorder. Twin and adoption studies observed that monozygotic twins display 50% concordance of Schizophrenia (Van Os, Rutten Poulton, 2008). While this suggests a moderate to high heritability of Schizophrenia, it is clear that this disorder is not deterministic by genetic components. The Association between Schizophrenia and Violence It is now generally accepted that individuals with Schizophrenia are at elevated risk of violent behaviour than member of the general population. In the community, 8% of individuals with Schizophrenia alone were violent, compared to 2% of individuals without mental illness (Eaton Kessler, 1985). In addition, a study estimated that 20% of first-admission patients with Schizophrenia had perpetrated against others in a life threatening manner prior to their admission, while 9% of the discharged patients acted violently in the first 20 weeks after hospitalisation (Humphreys et al., 1992; Monahan Applebaum, 2000). More importantly, longitudinal studies following selected and unselected cohorts showed that Schizophrenic individuals are four to seven times more likely to have committed a violent crime than the general population (e.g., Lindqvist Allebeck, 1990; Tiihonen et al., 1997), and twice as likely than men with other mental disorders to have a violent conviction (Wesselt et al., 1 994). Despite of differences in methodological approaches, these observable results are consistent across studies, cohorts, and cultures. The literature suggests that there is an over-representation of Schizophrenic individuals among the offender and prison populations. As mentioned above, the prevalence of Schizophrenia is less than 1% in the community. However, the prevalence of Schizophrenia in the prison setting was found to approximately 3%. In addition, 9-11% of individuals who were convicted of non-fatal and fatal violence respectively, had a diagnosis of Schizophrenia (Taylor Gunn, 1984), which are significantly higher than its prevalence in the general population. Individuals with Schizophrenia were at a four times higher chance to be convicted of interpersonal violence and ten times greater for conviction of homicide than the general public (Wallace et al., 2004). Interestingly, the chance of developing Schizophrenia among those with a history of violent crime is approximately five times greater than those committed non-violent crime only (Gosden et al., 2005). Thus, individuals with Schizophrenia contribute to a disproportionate rate of violent crimes. Typologies of Offenders with Schizophrenia There is a correlation between the development of Schizophrenic symotoms and increased rates of antisocial behaviour in violence (e.g., Wallace et al., 2004). Similar to offenders without mental health problems, there are subtypes of offenders with Schizophrenia, as defined by the age of onset and persistence of antisocial behaviour. It is suggested that there may be three types of Schizophrenic offenders (e.g., Hodgins, 2008). Type I offenders is a group of offenders that display a long history of antisocial behaviour since childhood or early adolescence, which remains stable across the lifespan (Moffitt, 2006). It is common that they are presented with a conviction for violence prior to onset of Schizophrenia and those who meets criteria for conduct disorder (CD). This group of offenders is presented with a wide array of criminal conduct, including both violent and non-violent crimes. Their criminal history appears to be similar to individuals with CD who lacks other mental health issues. It has been speculated that individuals with CD who developed Schizophrenia are characterised by lower levels of anxiety, heart rate, and cortisol level. Type II offenders are a large group of violence offenders with Schizophrenia who had no display of antisocial behaviours prior to the onset of the disorder, but become persistently violent thereafter. The onset of symptoms begins in adulthood for this subgroup and is usually associated with some form of brain disorder (e.g., Hodges et al., 1996). It is suspected that this group is particular susceptible to illicit drug use and that substance abuse may be directly associated with their violent behaviours (Mueser et al., 2006). Substance use by Schizophrenic individuals increases their risk of violence in multiple ways. It acts to further impair social cognition, increase the likelihood of them associating with antisocial peers for drug use and crime, and affect their capacity to engage with service providers and compliance with medication and support (Green et al., 2007). Type III offenders are a small group of serious violence offenders who display chronic course of Schizophrenia with no expression of antisocial and aggressive behaviours prior to their late thirties, and subsequently proceed to violently murder those who care for them. Type II offenders appear to display shallow affect, callousness, lack of remorse, and a failure to accept responsibilities (Sunak, 2006). It is hypothesised that this group of offenders have deficient and fluctuating affective experience, which increases the vulnerability for aggressive behaviour towards others (Hodgins, 2008). Overall, this group of individuals expressed higher level of violent behaviours and are at greater rate of conviction and incarceration of violent crime than individuals of the general community. Such violent behaviours account for a significant amount of human suffering, in party of the victims and their families, also in part of the perpetrators. These behaviours poses further financial burden on the society. Given the prevalence of violence among Schizophrenic individuals, there are important consequences for the criminal justice system. In addition, offenders with Schizophrenia constitute a heterogeneous population. It is suggested that most violence in the Schizophrenia population is attributed to Type I, although it is possible that Type III offenders are over-represented among homicides cases (Mullen, 2006). The development of typologies of offenders with Schizophrenia is relevant to identifying appropriate treatment options that address the characteristics of each type of off ender. Mediators of Violence among Individuals with Schizophrenia Substance Misuse: It has been repeatedly demonstrated that comorbid substance abuse issues significantly increase the risk of violence in Schizophrenic individuals (e.g., Tiihonen et al., 1997; Wallace et al., 2004). Some has suggested that comorbid substance abuse accounts for most rates of violence among people with Schizophrenia (Monahan et al., 2001). It appears that comorbid substance abuse account for up to 30% of violence in the community, compared to 8% in those with Schizophrenia alone (Eaton Kessler, 1985). The literature expressed concerns for the increasing numbers of substance misuse in individuals with both Schizophrenia and a propensity to violence over the past 30 years (Mullen, 2006). Reducing rates of substance misuse among this group of offenders is an important therapeutic goal, which will improve symptom control, quality of life, and act to decrease antisocial behaviours that are related to violence. Active Symptoms: Considerable evidence suggests that the violence observed in Schizophrenic individuals is directed and motivated by psychotic symptoms. Some research has shown that individuals frequently act upon the experienced delusions and that violence is often a defence or retaliation mechanism against seemingly harmful and manipulative actions (regardless of whether their beliefs are correct) that others are directing against the individual (Link Stueve, 1994). The expression of psychotic features is associated a five times increase in the risk of assaults of other person compared to those with no mental disorder (Mojtabai, 2006). For instances, there are evidence to support the association between delusional jealousy and attacks on a partner, persecutory delusions, and hallucinations and non-specific psychotic agitation all on occasion precipitate violence (Mullen, 1996; Mullen, 2006). Personality Factors: More recently, personality factors have been implicated in criminality in Schizophrenia (e.g., Moran et al., 2003). This group of offenders is associated with irritable, dissocial, lack of empathy and remorse, grandiose, suspicious, maintenance of unrealistic beliefs of entitlement, and inability to learn from experience. In addition, it is suggested that the relationship between comorbid substance abuse and violence in Schizophrenia may be mediated by personality factors and social problems. Developmental Factors: Compared to the general population and non-violent Schizophrenic individuals, those individuals with Schizophrenia who are violent are more likely to have experienced developmental problems, deprived and disadvantaged backgrounds, family history of criminality, and a problematic childhood in areas education and social functioning (e.g., Mullen, 2006; Tiihonen et al., 1997). Treatment for Schizophrenia To date, no cure has been found for Schizophrenia. The major goals of treatment are to reduce symptoms, minimise side effects, prevent relapses, and provide social and occupational rehabilitation for this group of offenders. Identification of High-Risk Offenders: It should be of high priority to identify individuals who fall into a high risk category of future violence. Past literature indicated that male individuals with a history of childhood conduct disorder, antisocial and violent behaviour in adolescence, substance abuse, unemployment and a disorganised lifestyle is at increasing rate of being high-risk of violence recidivism. Risk assessment is a practical exercise that should inform the risk, needs, and responsitivity of an individual. Their main function for the clinician is to direct attention to known correlates of violent behaviour. The HCR-20 (Webster et al., 1997) is an instrument that incorporates the PCL, which combines professionals approach to risk assessment and clinical opinion. Psychological Management: The manifestation of Schizophrenic symptoms renders individuals with criminogenic personality traits, attitudes, and social and occupational problems (Mullen, 2006). Reducing violent behaviours will depend large on modifying these factors and the behaviours they generate. While psychosocial treatment interventions have limited value for acutely psychotic individuals, it has been found beneficial to reduce violence risk for individuals who are already stabilised on antipsychotic medication (Swanson et al., 2008). Psychosocial treatment provide clients with the skills to work, self-care, communication, forming and keeping relationships, and learning and using appropriate coping mechanisms to deal with difficult situations and events and increase their chances of associating with others (Penn et al., 2005). Past research indicated that patients who receive regular psychosocial treatment are more likely to be compliant with medication and reduces their rate of relapse (Penn et al., 2005). In addition, recent studies indicate that cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) approaches that teach clients coping and problem solving skills can be beneficial for Schizophrenic individuals in reducing violent behaviours. When compared to control, recreational activities, or support, CBT was repeatedly found to be more effective during and immediately after treatment. CBT has also been found to be effective in relapse prevention and positive symptom control, even when the intervention was presented by therapists who had limited prior training (Durham et al., 2003). CBT as practiced for Schizophrenia should be modified to address some of the specific limitations imposed by the disorder (e.g., cognitive dysfunction, and stigma and loss). Therapists will need to be mindful of developing a therapeutic alliance based on the clients beliefs, to be able to develop alternative explainations of symptoms, and reducing the impact of positive symptoms (Turkington, Kingdon, Weiden, 2006). Treatment for Substance Misuse: Given the significant risks substance misuse poses to increase the rate of violence among Schizophrenic individuals, the assessment and management of drug and alcohol misuse has become a major priority. A study examining an integrated intervention program that consisted of motivational interviewing and cognitive behavioural therapy resulted in significantly greater improvement in patents general function, reduction in positive symptoms, and increased the length of abstinence periods from substances in Schizophrenic individuals (Barrowclough et al., 2001). In addition, this effect was still significant at 12 months follow up. Recommendation in relation to Treatment Outcome A careful design of methodology is required to be able to evaluate the feasibility and efficacy of the treatment program. Participants: A control group is necessary to allow comparisons to be made. Participants should be randomly assigned into control or treatment group. Participants with a diagnosis of Schizophrenia should be compared to a control group also with diagnoses of Schizophrenia. Participants who are actively psychotic and deemed unsuitable for treatment should be excluded. Procedures: All therapists should receive the same training for the intervention program to ensure consistency across therapy sessions. Adequate supervision will need to be provided to determine the qualification of therapist to deliver the treatment. This should be determined based on structured ratings of therapists adherence and competence to the treatment program, using instruments such as an Adherence-Competence Scale (Najavits Liese, 1997). All sessions must run according to the procedures described in a manual that detail the tasks of each session. Measures: Assessments regarding level of violent behaviours needs to be conducted at pre-, during, post-treatment, and follow-up measures. The follow up measures will provide an indication of the duration of treatment effect and patient relapse outcomes. Researchers should be trained in administering all measures. If more than one researcher is responsible, actions should be taken to ensure consistency between them. The current program will involve the treatment of inmates who express violent behaviours. Adequate measures of violence will be needed to examine the efficacy of the treatment program. The rate of violence depends greatly on the levels of violence measured. Most decisions concerning the level of violence of an individual are based on clinical evaluation, patients self report, and structured assessment. Some widely used instrument to assess violent behaviours includes the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R), Historical, Clinical, Risk-Management (HCR-20), and the MacArthur Violence Risk Assessment. Since comorbid substance abuse issues is indicated to be a significant factor that elevates the rates of violence in Schizophrenia as well as other mental health disorders, the treatment program should target such issue and aim to reduce or eliminate use of substances among this population. The addiction Severity Index (ASI; McLellan, Kushner, et al., 1992) and the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM can be used to assess substance use outcomes at various point in time. Participants perception of treatment effectiveness should also be assessed. This should be measured at post-treatment, using questionnaires that adequately assess perception of treatment outcome. The Client Satisfaction Questionnaire (Attkisson Zwick, 1982) and the End-of-Treatment Questionnaire (Najavits, 1994) can be used to measure participants opinions about treatment. The outcome analysis should include description of the sample characteristics. Depending on what the control groups of the study is, manipulation check should be used to examine whether participants in both the treatment and placebo groups perceived the content of their respective intervention differently.

Kingsolver’s Portrayal of Christianity in The Poisonwood Bible Essay

Kingsolver’s Portrayal of Christianity in The Poisonwood Bible Kingsolver’s concern with Christianity is evident in the very title of The Poisonwood Bible. She uses ‘books’ to divide the novel into sections, which, with names like Genesis and The Revelation, reflect the books of the Bible. As the novel progresses, the structure deviates from that of its biblical namesakes: there is a shift in order - Exodus is placed centrally - and new books with titles such as The Eyes in the Trees are introduced (Kingsolver’s own appellations). These names present the reader with the idea that Kingsolver is rewriting the central Christian text, adapting it for her own story. Thus religion is heralded as a significant presence in the book, not just thematically, but structurally. Throughout The Poisonwood Bible, Kingsolver uses her characters to represent forms of attitudes to Christianity. The primary expositor is Nathan, who sustains forceful, evangelical beliefs throughout. He has no voice of his own, but all accounts affirm to the reader that he is consumed by his faith. Leah, the daughter who harbours the most respect for her father, initially refers to him only in the context of religion – ‘his tone implied that†¦[Mother’s] concern with Better Crocker confederated her with the coin-jingling sinners who vexed Jesus till he pitched a fit and threw them out of church.’ She is describing the cleansing of the temple in John 2:13-22, but the fact that she can reference it freely, and even put it into her own words, demonstrates that she has been heavily influenced by the Bible. Kingsolver is perhaps trying to show that religion can be used to control the way people think, and she portrays Christianity as highly potent. Leah continues to incorpo... ...e way Nathan treats his daughters, or for the religious clash between Western values and Congolese beliefs. Nathan, with his oppressive dogmatism, encounters obstacles because he refuses to accept anything but his own beliefs, thereby displaying his utter cultural arrogance ‘†¦the few here that choose Christi-an-ity over ignorance and darkness!’ Kingsolver makes him a slave to an ancient, uncompromising text, depicting his struggle to force it upon people who have no interest in it. Nathan’s personal religion was poisoned when his company died ‘on the death march’. It was not Christianity that made him into (as Leah puts it) a ‘simple, ugly man’, it was a series of tragic events, falling upon an impressionable man at an unfortunate time. Through his downfall, Kingsolver effectively puts across the danger of being rigid and uncompromising about traditional Christianity.

The Punishment Suits The Crime For Dante :: Dante Alighieri Inferno

The Punishment Suits the Crime   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the Inferno, Dante takes us on a journey through Hell. Dante describes the sins and the punishment in great detail. He puts the severity of the sins in a particular order, where the further one goes down, the more severe the sin. The order that Dante puts the sins in are: incontinence, violence, fraud, and betrayal. This paper will discuss two groups of sins, incontinence and fraud, and how severe the punishment for each sin is determined. In particular, it will compare the sin of gluttony in the third circle and divining in the fourth pouch of the eight circle.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first group of sins are the incontinent sins. These are located in the second through fifth rings. These sins are primarily concerned with sins of the body. These sins also show a lack of restraint.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The sin of gluttony is found among the incontinent sins. Gluttony, by definition, is excess, such as food and drink, for example. God has given us all that we need on Earth, but that doesn't mean that we are supposed to have excessive gratification. When Dante and Virgil enter the third Circle where the gluttons are found, Dante acknowledges that it is "a realm of cold and heavy rain-a dark, accursed torrent eternally poured with changeless measure and nature" (Inferno, p. 45). The harsh and endless rain may be connected to the sin of gluttony. Since these sinners experienced excess on Earth, then they too are punished with an excess of rain in Hell. Dante also notices that "the soil they drench gives off a putrid odor" (Inferno, p. 45). The punishment of wallowing filth may also be connected to the sin of gluttony. Since they indulged in filth on Earth, then they shall wallow in filth for all eternity in Hell. The gluttons are also tortured by the three-headed dog Cerberus, the mythological guardian of Hell.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Dante meets a sinner named Ciacco while in this third circle. He says to Dante, "Your city, so full of envy that the sack spills over.

The Odyssey :: essays research papers fc

Homer’s poem The Odyssey depicts the tendency of people to ignore the consequences of their actions. Odysseus punished Penelope’s suitors without thinking of consequences that he would have to endure. He did not acknowledge the consequences because that would prevent him from doing what he wants to do. Odysseus wanted to kill the suitors; they ate away at his fortune. Finding consequences for murdering the suitors would force Odysseus to realize what he is about to do is not a good idea. Odysseus chose to ignore the consequences and killed the suitors anyway. Odysseus had absolutely no reason to kill the suitors; they had the right to stay in his home because Penelope made them feel welcome, Penelope and Telemachus both told them that Odysseus was dead, and although Telemachus told them to leave, he did not have the right to do so. Throughout the poem, Penelope encourages the suitors to stay in her home by making them think they are welcome. With Odysseus gone Penelope chooses whom she hosts in the great palace. Penelope does hate the suitors but she never once tells them to leave. She even makes the suitors think that she would be choosing her new husband soon and in this way she makes them feel welcome in her home. Antinous, a suitor, responds to accusations Telemachus made to the suitors at an assembly. It’s not the suitors here who deserve the blame, It’s your own dear mother [Penelope], the matchless queen of cunning. Look here. For three years now, getting on to four, she’s played it fast and loose with all our hearts, building each man’s hopes- dangling promises, dropping hints to each- but all the while with something else in mind. (2.94-100) Penelope makes each individual suitor feel special and makes him believe that she would pick him as her new husband. This action implies not only that she allowed the suitors to remain in her household, but more importantly that she wanted the suitors to stay. Therefore, Penelope’s speech and actions toward the suitors justified their remaining in the home. Statements made by Telemachus and Penelope about Odysseus’ whereabouts leads the suitors to believe that he is deceased and, therefore, that Penelope is single and ready to court once again. When a woman is widowed, she begins trying to find a new husband and single men come to court the woman. Since Penelope and Telemachus tell the suitors that Odysseus is dead, the suitors have the right to stay and court Penelope.

Leadership and governance Essay

Executive Summary The following essay will analyse two important elements in every organisation, leadership and governance, the interaction between them and how they influence in organisations outcomes. This paper will cite different journals and studies to support the ideas referents to this topic. Firstly this essay will discuss on leadership to understand why this culture of influence and motivation has become so important for nowadays organisations and explain the role of the modern leader, among all the perspectives and theories aroused about this subject. The second point is about governance; the term organisational governance is defined and evaluated to find out how governance enhances the management in organisation. Also is discussed what is the managers role in the governance scheme in order to expose the difference between leaders and managers. Look more:  research problem definition essay They are different but complementary, while leaders have a compromise with the vision on the long term, manager focuses on how to achieve the vision strategically. Furthermore the next logic step is to evaluate the relationship between these elements analysed previously. Leaders can affect positively and negatively the governance outcomes, basically if there is no self-control or lack of ethic among leaders even the best governance scheme would collapse. On the other hand collective leadership will have a beneficial effect in the board of director’s performance. The last point assesses how the leadership development and effective followership can affect the organisations outcome, being the relationship between leader and follower the most important key for leadership effectiveness and consequently a more effective organisation. It is clear that leadership play an important role in organisation path to succeed in this modern world where constant changes and uncertainty require more competitive and adaptable organisations. Introduction Nowadays, organisations are exposed to global uncertainty and they have to adapt rapidly and become more effective in order to survive in this competitive world. Major organisations invest millions in human capital and technology with the explicit objective of increase their organisations effectiveness. Organisational effectiveness is a broad concept represented by several perspectives, organisations are effective when they have a good fit with their external environment, when their internal subsystem are efficient and effective, when they are learning organisations and when they satisfy the need of key stakeholders (McShane, Olekalns & Travaglione 2010). There are many studies and theories about leaderships, due to its importance for organizations success. According with Rodsutti and Swierczek (2002, p. 250) different dimensions of organisational effectiveness including return on asset, most admired, job satisfaction and personal satisfaction are related to specific aspects of leader characteristics, organisational culture and multicultural management style. This is the main reason why leadership has become the base of modern organisations success. In order to understand the leader’s role in effective governance in organisations, it is necessary define leadership and governance separately and then analyse the correlation between then, this will help us to understand why leader and managers are different but complementary, they should reinforce and support each other, however this is not always the case (Lussier & Achua 2010). Organisations performance is measured constantly in order to value if the outcome satisfy the stakeholders goals, thus the influence of leaders over the governance outcomes need to be evaluated. The organisation outcomes it is also affected by effective fellowship as a result of a leadership development. Leadership behaviours are perceived as trustworthy through the observer’s mediating lens, trust increases and leaders are more likely to be viewed as ethical stewards who honour a higher level of duties (Caldwell, Hayes & Long 2010). Organisational leadership Everybody somehow have the idea of the leadership meaning that probably belongs to yesteryear image of command –and- control boss. The concept of leader is no longer the person that is seen as the company’s hero. Leaders exist throughout the organisation, not just in the executive suite. The first studies about leadership was published in 1904, the main researches in this field occurred while the First World War, it first interest was investigate the leadership characteristics and the mechanism of how the employees obtained promotions. A decade ago fifty-four leadership expert from thirty eight countries reached consensus that leadership is about influencing, motivating and enabling others to contribute to the effectiveness and success of the organisation of which they are members (McShane Olekalns & Travaglione 2010). Even today there is still considerable debate about the exact role and definition of a leader. Most parties agree that one of the primary functions of a leader should be to set a path towards a goal and then inspire and motivate others to follow (Prewitt 2003). Furthermore (Lussier & Achua 2010) brought a more simplified and brief concept defining leadership as ‘‘the process of influencing leaders and followers to achieve organizational objectives through change. There are many studies and theories about leadership and different perspectives of this concept, the most relevant of those perspectives in the last 20 years are charismatic and transformational leadership. Transformational leadership perspective explains how leaders change teams or organisations by creating, communicating and modelling a vision for the organisation or work unit and inspiring employees to strive that vision (McShane, Olekalns & Travaglione, 2010). The charismatic and transformational leader, according to many scholars and practitioners, represents a new paradigm of leadership that may be capable of steering organisations trough the chaos of the twenty first century (Lussier & Achua 2010). There is some confusion and controversy to define the distinction between charismatic and transformational leader. Many researchers either use the words as they would have same meaning or view charismatic leadership as an essential ingredient of transformational leadership. However there are managers that may lack of charisma but they can lead by applying transformational leadership behaviours, for example Alan Lafey, CEO of Proctor and Gamble or Sam Palmisano CEO of IBM. The point is that effective transformational leaders are not necessary charismatic (McShane Olekalns & Travaglione 2010). Leaders are particularly effective if they engage in transformational leadership behaviours, such as articulating a captivating vision for the future, acting as charismatic role models, fostering the acceptance of common goals, setting high performance expectations, and providing individualized support and intellectual stimulation for followers (Menges et al. 2011). In the last years has been agreed that leadership it is not about rely in only a person as a leader, leadership can be considered as a collective practice, leaderful leaders develop sufficient trust in others to make leadership a shared and yet very powerful tool for action and responsibility (Raelin 2005). Understanding organisational governance There is not a specific definition for the term â€Å"organisational governance†, however as a first approximation, organizational governance refers to the instruments of governance that organizations deploy to influence organization members and other stakeholders to contribute to organizational goals (Foss & Klein 2007). This idea clearly is consistent with other more frequently used terms as â€Å"corporative governance†, â€Å"organizational control† and â€Å"governance structures and mechanisms.† Similar definition we found about strategic management. Strategic management is the set of decision and actions used to formulate and implement specific strategies that will achieve a competitively superior fit between the organisation and its environment, so as to achieve organisational goals (Lussier & Achua 2010). According with Commonwealth Australia (2009) governance may be described as â€Å"†¦the process by which agencies are directed and controlled. It is generally understood to encompass authority, accountability, stewardship, leadership, direction and control†. Top management plays an important role in firms’ achieving an orientation to quality creating values and establishing objectives and systems to satisfy customers’ expectations and improve performance in the organisation (Albacete-Sà ¡ez, Fuentes & Bojica 2011). Furthermore the aim of governance is not only improve the organisations performance but also achieve the stakeholders economic and social satisfaction. A firm that manages for stakeholders allocates more resources to satisfy the needs and demands of its legitimate stakeholders than would be necessary to simply retain their wilful participation in the firm’s productive activities (Harrison, Bosse & Phillips 2010). Theories of governance for many years had been based on assumptions about the leader as an agent who might act with opportunism to take advantage of superior information or self-serving personal interests however latest studies have demonstrated that corporate governance imposes on businesses and their leaders an instrumental duty to maximize long-term wealth creation to benefit all of the stakeholders served by the firm (Caldwell, Hayes & Long 2010). In the last few years due to scandals and financial crisis, board of director has gain especial interest in corporate governance debate. The corporate governance rely on the board of directors capabilities to conduce the companies and take the best decision for their stakeholders benefit. However organisations not only need managers they need leaders as well, and governance have to provide the conditions to promote both in their schemes as per Zaleznik (2004, p.74) suggest organizations need both managers and leaders to succeed, but developing both requires a reduced focus on logic and strategic exercises in favour of an environment where creativity and imagination are permitted to flourish. Leaders and governance Manager and leaders play different role in organisations, their personalities and attitudes towards goals are different as Zaleznik (2004, p.74) stated managers embrace process, seek stability and control, and instinctively try to resolve problems quickly-sometimes before they fully understand a problem’s significance. Leaders, in contrast, tolerate chaos and lack of structure and are willing to delay closure in order to understand the issues more fully. In previous studies on governance, board scholars have mainly limited themselves to a strict input-output approach in their studies, directly linking board demographic indicators (e.g., board size, age of directors, number of independent directors, etc.) to board and firm performance (Vandewaerde et al. 2011).Lately scholars focus is about leadership, examination of leadership processes and behaviours inside the board team. As stated before leadership can be considered as a collective practice, this is applicable for tams or board of director where every member has different capabilities and knowledge leadership influence based on knowledge and expertise in the team network will have a beneficial effect on the board’s problem-solving capabilities and, therefore, board task performance (Vandewaerde et al. 2011). Painter (2008, p.523) also supports this idea stating that ‘the capacity to take responsibility when and where needed should be nurtured throughout the organizational system and among all of its members, despite the existence of a formal organizational hierarchy and various specialized functional units’. In this context, governance provides support rather than limits to develop a better organisation. The fact that different people can play a leadership role does not mean that no structure is required for leadership to be exercised (Painter 2008). Leaders can fail, sometimes because of the rush to make decisions they relied too much in the intuition, or due to ethical or moral lapses in judgment. The ultimate goal of the strategic leader should be to build sustainable integrity programs into the strategic management framework that encourage positive self-regulation of ethical behaviour as a matter of routine within the organisation (Lussier & Achua 2010). Without ethic and integrity among the leaders, governance would be ineffective under this scenario. The key in successful governance relies in the role that leadership play in the organisations. As Lussier and Achua (2010 p.418) point out strategic leadership ensure that strategic management process is successfully carried out and yields the desired result for the organisations. Effective followership and organisation outcomes As defined previously, leadership is about influencing, motivating and enabling others to contribute toward the effectiveness and success of the organisation (McShane, Olekalns & Travaglione, 2010). When leadership in organisations is affected there is an immediate reaction in employees’ performance. For instance in some cases of merging there is a transition stage where employees lost the direction and leadership is replaced for uncertainty. When members of the community feel abandoned, trust in the organization and its new leader or leaders becomes an issue. During the change process, if the view of the organization becomes less positive, association with it may become less appealing (Curry, 2002). The major influential factors related to job performance can be found in the aspects of social and organizational cultural contexts, but leadership is one of the most critical factors affecting individual job performance. (Baek-Kyoo, 2012). Leadership create an environment where subordinates are more satisfied and have higher effective organisational commitment. They also perform their jobs better, engage in more organisational citizenship behaviours and make better or more creative decision. (McShane, Olekalns & Travaglione 2010). As stated leadership is one of the most important elements of organisation effectiveness. However to develop a culture of leadership in an organisation is not easy task. Effective leadership requires effective followership, because without followers there are no leaders. (Lussier & Achua 2010). In the way to success organisations need good followers to support and influence positively their leaders. In order to develop effective leadership in organisations there has to be a harmonic relationship between the leader and follower, this interaction is essential to reach organisational success. Regardless the structure or governance applies in organisations, the commitment between leaders and followers have to be clear and accepted in both sides. As Derue and Ashford (p.643, 2010) suggest, whether that leadership-structure schema is hierarchical or shared its strength as a norm should facilitate reciprocal claiming and granting and allow for the rapid development of well-defined leader-follower relationships. These norms are the rules game that will make leadership flourish easily among employees, otherwise the organisation effectiveness could be compromised, organizations without such norms organisations going through significant changes might experience greater conflict over leadership and within leader-follower relationships (Kan & Parry 2004), which, in turn, may distract from effective work performance (Derue & Ashford 2010). Conclusion Today’s work environment is characterized for uncertainty, volatility and global competition; organisations have to change constantly in order to survive and success. Thus nowadays organisations not only need managers, they need leaders as well. As explained leadership and governance in organisations are important for organisations success, leaders and managers have different roles but they are complementary. Basically the difference between leaders and manager is defined by their behaviour toward organisations goal, while leader’s focus is on their organisation vision in the long term; managers are looking how to accomplish firm’s goals in the short term. It is clear the governance outcomes will define the success or failure of companies, in order to have effective governance, organisations need human resource capable of create, communicate and model a shared vision for the team or organisation, and inspire followers to strive that vision. Thus, governance has to provide the conditions to flourish not only good managers but leaders as well. Leadership is one of the most critical factors that affect job performance. It is important establish a scheme that promote followership among employees in order to develop a quality leadership culture in the organisation. To do so, leaders and followers roles have to be clearly defined and be accepted. Only if leaders and followers are committed with the organisation vision the organisation effectiveness would be enhanced generating a positive outcome for stakeholder benefit. Reference Albacete-Sà ¡ez, C, Fuentes, M & Bojica, A 2011,’Quality management, strategic priorities and performance: The role of quality leadership’, Industrial Management & Data Systems, Vol. 111, no. 8, pp. 1173 – 1193. Baek-Kyoo, J 2012, ‘Leader-Member exchange quality and In-Role job performance: The moderating role of learning’, Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, Vol. 19, no. 1, pp.25–34. Caldwell, C, Hayes, L & Long, D 2010 ‘Leadership, trustworthiness, and ethical stewardship’, Journal of Business Ethics, Vol. 96, pp. 497–512. Commonwealth of Australia 2009 fahcsia.gov.au/sa/disability/pubs/general/CorporateGovernanceHandbook/Pages/Concepts.aspx Curry, B. K. 2002, ‘The influence of the leader persona on organizational identity’ Journal of Leadership Studies, Vol. 8, no. 4, pp33, Online Expanded Academic ASAP. Derue, D & Ashford, S 2010, ‘Who will lead

Children and Young Persons Development Essay

In the ECM agenda and Childcare Act 2006 it became an entitlement that all 3 and 4 year olds in England have free part time early years education, part time being 15 hours per week and 38 weeks a year. The government will pay funding to local authorities so that this part time education can happen. However should a parent want to their child to do any extra hours in the early years education they will have to pay for the extra hours that they do. In early year provision Child initiated play is encouraged when supporting very young children, this is not in the place of a formal education but works well alongside one. It allows the young children to play with their peers and `learn through play`. It’s been found that this type of learning is very important in young children The early years foundation stage is a framework for learning and development for children from birth to when they leave reception. Foundation stage take place when children are ages between 3 and 5 years old this includes children that are in nursery and reception in schools. This stage will be continued throughout their first autumn term when the children move into year 1. This is done make transition from nursery to school easier for the child. The different types of schools in relation to educational stage(s) and school governance There are four mainstream state school types meaning that they are funded by the local authorities, these schools have to follow the national curriculum. The four types of mainstream state schools are: †¢Community schools,run and owned by the local authority. They support the school by providing support services and developing links with the community. Foundation schools or trust schools are run by their own governing body and form a charitable trust with an outside partner where they have to buy in any support services. †¢Specialist schools tend to be secondary where they specialised in a particular subject. A large percentage of secondary schools in England have specialist status having this gains them additional government funding. †¢Voluntary schools are split into two: -Voluntary aided schools are mainly religious or faith schools and are run by their own governing body however the buildings are normally owned by religious groups. Voluntary controlled schools are run and funded by the local authority however the building is again owned by a charity or religious organisation. There are two types of schools which are not funded by local authorities. These types of schools are; †¢Independent schools – where parents pay fees which fund the school along with investments or charitable donations. They do not have to follow the national curriculum and the Head Teacher and governors decide on who gets in. †¢Academies – they are linked with the local authorities. However they have more freedom than state schools as they are not maintained by authorities.

Electrical and Electronics Engineering

a report on practical traning taken at bhilai steel plant, bhilai (c. g. ) submitted to :- submitted by :- prof. sandeep aysha rahman chandravanshi hod, eee submitted by :- aysha rahman semester :- 4th sem branch :- electrical & elect ronics engineering course:- b. e. college:- kruti institute of technology and engineering location:- nardaha,raipur (c. g. ) line – up acknowledgement * certificate * introduction about sail * bhilai steel plant * sources of raw material * process flow of bsp * electrical repair shop * heavy maintainence electrical * safety * conclusion * bibilography acknoledgment I extend my sincere thanks and gratitude to all people who, despite their hectic schedule managed to find time to give lectures on their concerned area of core competence, listened to my questionnaire patiently and dispelled my doubts through interactive correspondence. I am indebted and very grateful to extend my thanks to Mr.Gaurav for all the knowledge they imparted to me and for making this training a joyful learning experience. My sincere thanks to Mr. P. V. V. Pawan and Mr. Lokesh for helping me to do my training well. C E R T I F I C A T E This is to certify that the report of B. E. 4th Semester, BHILAI STEEL PLANT project submitted by AYSHA RAHMAN bearing Roll No. :3412509004 & Enrollment No. :AF0574 , carried out for the partial fulfillment of requirement for the award of Degree in Bachelor of Engineering in ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS of Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekananda Technical University, Bhilai (C.G. ), India. The project work as mentioned above is here by being recommended and forwarded for examination and evaluation. ________________________________ (Signature of Head of the department) Date : STEEL AUTHORITY OF INDIA LIMITED| | TypeOwned by| State-owned enterprise Public (NSE:  SAIL, LSE:  SAUD)Government of India| Industry| Steel| Founded| 1954| Headquarters| New Delhi, India| Key people| Chandra Shekhar Verma (Chairman)| ProductionRevenue| 13. 5 million metric tons/year$9. 629 billion (2010)| Net income| 1. 520 billion (2010)|Total assets| $15. 655 billion (2010)| Employees| 131,910 (2006)| Website| http://www. sail. co. in/| Steel Authority of India Limited   A Maharatna Steel Authority of India Limited (SAIL) is the leading steel-making company; among the top five highest profit earning corporate and one of fastest growing Public Sector Unit in India. It is a public sector undertaking which trades publicly in the market is largely owned by Government of India and acts like an operating company.It is a fully integrated iron and steel maker, producing both basic and special steels for domestic construction, engineering, power, railway, automotive and defence industries and for sale in export markets. SAIL is also among the five Maharatna’s of the country's Central Public Sector Enterprises and is the 16th largest steel producer in the world. |   | SAIL manufactures and sells a broad range of steel products, including hot and cold rolled sheets and coils, galvanized sheets, electrical sheets, structural railway products, plates, bars and rods, stainless steel and other alloy steels.SAIL produces iron and steel at five integrated plants and three special steel plants, located principally in the eastern and central regions of India and situated close to domestic sources of raw materials, including the Company's iron ore, limestone and dolomite mines. The company has the distinction of being India’s second largest producer of iron ore and of having the country’s second largest mines network. This giv es SAIL a competitive edge in terms of captive availability of iron ore, limestone, and dolomite which are inputs for steel making.SAIL's wide range of long and flat steel products is much in demand in the domestic as well as the international market. This vital responsibility is carried out by SAIL's own Central Marketing Organization (CMO) that transacts business through its network of 37 Branch Sales Offices spread across the four regions,  25 Departmental  Warehouses, 42 Consignment Agents  and 27 Customer Contact Offices. CMO’s domestic marketing effort is supplemented by its ever widening network of rural dealers who meet the demands of the smallest customers in the remotest corners of the country.SAIL's International Trade Division (ITD), in New Delhi- an ISO 9001:2000 accredited unit of CMO, undertakes exports of Mild Steel products and Pig Iron from SAIL’s five integrated steel plants. With technical and managerial expertise and know-how in steel making gained over four decades, SAIL's Consultancy Division (SAILCON) at New Delhi offers services and consultancy to clients world-wide. SAIL has a well-equipped Research and Development Centre for Iron and Steel (RDCIS) at Ranchi which helps to produce quality steel and develop new technologies for the steel industry.Besides, SAIL has its own in-house Centre for Engineering and Technology (CET), Management Training Institute (MTI) and Safety Organization at Ranchi. Our captive mines are under the control of the Raw Materials Division in Kolkata. The Environment Management Division and Growth Division of SAIL operate from their headquarters in Kolkata. | Ownership and Management The Government of India owns about 86% of SAIL's equity and retains voting control of the Company. However, SAIL, by virtue of its ‘Maharatna’ status, enjoys significant operational and financial autonomy.MAJOR UNITS Integrated Steel Plants| * Bhilai Steel Plant (BSP) in Chhattisgarh * Durgapur Steel Plant (DSP) in West Bengal * Rourkela Steel Plant (RSP) in Orissa * Bokaro Steel Plant (BSL) in Jharkhand * IISCO Steel Plant (ISP) in West Bengal | | Special Steel Plants| * Alloy Steels Plants (ASP) in West Bengal * Salem Steel Plant (SSP) in Tamil Nadu * Visvesvaraya Iron and Steel Plant (VISL) in Karnataka | | | | Joint   Ventures| | | | * NTPC SAIL Power Company Pvt. Limited (NSPCL) * Bokaro Power Supply Company Pvt.Limited (BPSCL) * Mjunction Services Limited * SAIL-Bansal Service Centre Limited * Bhilai JP Cement Limited * Bokaro JP Cement Limited * SAIL ; MOIL Ferro Alloys (Pvt. ) Limited * S ; T Mining Company Pvt. Limited * International Coal Ventures Private Limited * SAIL SCI Shipping Pvt. Limited * SAIL RITES Bengal Wagon Industry Pvt. Limited * SAIL SCL Limited| | bHILAI STEEL PLANT The Bhilai Steel Plant (BSP) – a public sector undertaking run by the Steel Authority of India – built with Soviet co-operation and technology, and began production in 1959 .Located in  Bhilai,  Chhattisgarh is  India's only producer of  steel  rails, and is a major producer of rails and heavy steel plates and structural components. In the 2004-05  fiscal year, it is the  Steel Authority of India Limited's most profitable plant. This steel plant was set up with the help of the USSR. Nine – time winner of Prime Minister's Trophy for best Integrated Steel Plant in the country. The plant is the sole supplier of the country's longest rail tracks of 260 metres. With an annual production capacity of 3. 53 MT of saleable steel, the plant also specializes in other products such as wire rods and merchant products. Since BSP is accredited with ISO 9001:2000 Quality Management System Standard, all saleable products of Bhilai Steel Plant come under the ISO umbrella. At Bhilai IS0:14001 have been awarded for Environment Management System in the Plant, Township and Dalli Mines. It is the only steel plant to get certification in all these areas. The Plant is accredited with SA: 8000 certification for social accountability and the OHSAS-18001 certification for Occupational health and safety.These internationally recognised certifications add value to Bhilai's products the best organizations in the steel industry. Among the long list of national awards it has won, Bhilai has bagged the CII-ITC Sustainability award for three consecutive years. Bhilai Steel Plant manages a well planned township (Bhilainagar) which as 13 sectors. It was deliberately located in what was then regarded as a remote and â€Å"backward† rural area, profits being secondary to employment in the planning priorities of the time.BSP currently has nearly 55,000 permanent workers on its direct pay-roll, of whom approximately three-fifths work inside the 17 square kilometer plant and the remainder for its associated mines and quarries, and for the purpose-built BSP township. This compares with a regular workforce of 63,400 in 1987. In addition, on any one day there are at present something in the region of 8,000 contract workers employed by the plant and the township, and a further 3,500 – 4,000 employed by the mines. BSP has for some years shown a profit, and is widely regarded as the most successful of those in the Indian public sector.It runs at its four million ton capacity; produces cheaper steel, and has a record of considerably more harmonious industrial relations than any of the other state-run steel plants, and also than the vast majority of private sector factories which now surround it, and for which it served as a magnet. Though local job creation was one of its main objectives,  and though the principle was soon established that one member from every family which had relinquished land should have an automatic right to BSP employment, the local Chhattisgarhis were initially reluctant recruits.Location : Forty kms west of Raipur, the capital city of Chhattisgarh, along the Howrah-Mumbai railway line and the Gr eat-Eastern highway, stands Bhilai Steel Plant (BSP). Source of Raw Materials: 1. Iron Ore  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   †¦. Dalli, Rajahara Mines  Ã‚   2. Lime Stone  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   †¦. Nandini Mines 3. Manganese   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   †¦. Balaghat Mines 4. Sinter  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   †¦. Sintering Plants (SP-2, SP-3) 5. Coke  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   †¦. Coke Ovens (Coke sorting plants) 6. Converter Slag  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   †¦. SMS – l Captive minesIron-ore| – Dalli-Rajhara Iron Ore Complex, 80 kms from Bhilai | Limestone | – Nandini, 23 kms from Bhilai| Dolomite| – Hirri, 150 kms from Bhilai| Coke Ovens BATT NO. | NO. OF OVENS| OVEN HEIGHT(M) | COAL HOLDING CAPACITY PER OVEN (T) | USEFUL VOLUME PER OVEN CU. M. | SP. HEAT CONSPN. KCAL/KG| 1-8| 65| 4. 3| 16. 8| 21. 6| 625-675 | 9&10| 67| 7. 0| 32. 0| 41. 6| 625-675 | Blast Furnaces * 3 of 1033 Cu m capacity each * 3 of 1719 Cu m capacity each * 1 of 2355 Cu m capacity Hot Metal Capacity: 4. 70 MT / year PROCESS FLOW OF BSP PROCUCTS OF BSP A. FINISHED PRODUCTS Rail & Structural Mill Rails in 13m, 26m, 65/78 m length and welded panels of 130m / 260m length Indian Railways, Export Heavy Structurals Construction, Crane Rails, Cranes, Crossing sleepers, Broad gauge sleepers * Merchant Mill Lt. Structurals, Engineering and Construction, Med. Rounds (Plain & TMT), Heavy rounds (Plain) * Wire Rod Mill Wire Rods- Plain Construction, Wire Rods- TMT, EQ Wire Rods Electrodes * Plate Mill Plates Boilers, Defence, Railways, Ship building, LPG cylinder s, Export B. SEMISBillets (from BBM), Re-rollers Blooms (from BBM), Narrow width slabs, CC Blooms, Killed Slabs C. Pig Iron Foundry D. By Products Coal Chemicals, Ammonium Sulphate (Fertiliser) Tar and tar products, (Pitch, Naphthalene, Creosote Oil Road Tar, Anthracene oil, Dephenolised oil, PCM etc. ), Benzol & its products (NG Benzene, Toluene, Xylene, Solvent oil, By. Benzol etc. ), Processed Slag Granulated slag from CHSG Plants & SGP for cement manufacture. RODUCT-MIX| TONNES/ANNUM| Semis | 5,33,000| Rail & Heavy Structural | 7,50,000| Merchant Products (Angles, Channels, Round & TMT bars)| 5,00,000|Wire Rods (TMT, Plain & Ribbed) | 4,20,000| Plates (up to 3600 mm wide) | 9,50,000| Total Saleable steel | 31,53,000 | Requirements for producing of one ton of Hot Metal (Specific Consumption) Iron Ore  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 459 Kg Lime Stone  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã ‚     Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 850 Kg(Depending on Sinter Usage) Manganese  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   †¦. 800 Kg(50% in burden) Sinter  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   †¦. 35 Kg Coke  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   †¦. 08 Kg ELECTRICAL RERAIP SHOP JOB FLOW CHART PLANT RECEIPT & ISSUE AT ERS TESTING MACHINE &SPARE PART ASSEMBLY COMMUTATOR WINDING & MAGNET TRANSFORMER VARNISHING TASKS done in ers * Assembles electrical parts such as alternators, generators, starting devices and switches; following schematic drawings, using hand, machine and power tools. * Repairs and rebuilds defective mechanical parts in electric motors, generators and related equipment, using hand tools and power tools. * Tests for overheating, using speed gauges and thermometers. * Rewinds coils on core while core is in slots, or make replacement coils, using coil-winding machine. Replaces defective parts such as coil leads, carbon brushes and connecting wires using soldering equipment. * Installs, secures and aligns parts using hand tools welding equipment and electrical meters. * Rewires electrical systems and repairs or replaces electrical accessories. * Reassembles repaired electric motors to specified requirements and ratings, using hand tools and electric meters. * Disassembles defective units using hand tools. * Measures velocity, horsepower, r. p. m, amperage circuitry and voltage of units or parts using electrical meters and mechanical testing devices. Cuts and removes parts such as defective coils and insulation. * Adjusts working parts such as fan belt tension, voltage output, contacts and springs using hand tools and verifies corrections using gauges. * Tests charges and replaces batteries. * Inspects parts for wear or damage or reads work order or schematic drawings to determine requir ed repairs. * Cuts and forms insulation and inserts insulation into armature, rotor or stator slots. * Refaces, reams and polishes commutators and machine parts to specified tolerances using machine tools. HEAVY MAINTENANCE ELECTRICALS MAINTENANCE OF MOTORSThe key to minimizing motor problems is scheduled routine inspection and service. The frequency of routine service varies widely between applications. Including the motors in the maintenance schedule for the driven machine or general plant equipment is usually sufficient. A motor may require additional or more frequent attention if a breakdown would cause health or safety problems, severe loss of production, damage to expensive equipment or other serious losses. Written records indicating date, items inspected, service performed and motor condition are important to an effective routine maintenance program.From such records, specific problems in each application can be identified and solved routinely to avoid breakdowns and product ion losses. The routine inspection and servicing can generally be done without disconnecting or disassembling the motor. It involves the following factors: Dirt and Corrosion: 1. Wipe, brush, vacuum or blow accumulated dirt from the frame and air passages of the motor. Dirty motors run hot when thick dirt insulates the frame and clogged passages reduce cooling air flow. Heat reduces insulation life and eventually causes motor failure. 2. Feel for air being discharged from the cooling air ports.If the flow is weak or unsteady, internal air passages are probably clogged. Remove the motor from service and clean. 3. Check for signs of corrosion. Serious corrosion may indicate internal deterioration and/or a need for external repainting. Schedule the removal of the motor from service for complete inspection and possible rebuilding. 4. In wet or corrosive environments, open the conduit box and check for deteriorating insulation or corroded terminals. Repair as needed. Lubrication: Lubrica te the bearings only when scheduled or if they are noisy or running hot.Do NOT over-lubricate. Excessive grease and oil creates dirt and can damage bearings. Heat, Noise and Vibration: Feel the motor frame and bearings for excessive heat or vibration. Listen for abnormal noise. All indicate a possible system failure. Promptly identify and eliminate the source of the heat, noise or vibration. Winding Insulation: When records indicate a tendency toward periodic winding failures in the application, check the condition of the insulation with an insulation resistance test. Such testing is especially important for motors operated in et or corrosive atmospheres or in high ambient temperatures. Brushes and Commutators (DC Motors): 1. Observe the brushes while the motor is running. The brushes must ride on the commutator smoothly with little or no sparking and no brush noise (chatter). 2. Stop the motor. Be certain that: * The brushes move freely in the holder and the spring tension on each brush is about equal. * Every brush has a polished surface over the entire working face indicating good seating. * The commutator is clean, smooth and has a polished brown surface where the brushes ride.NOTE: Always put each brush back into its original holder. Interchanging brushes decreases commutation ability. * There is no grooving of the commutator (small grooves around the circumference of the commutator). If there is grooving, remove the motor from service immediately as this is a symptomatic indication of a very serious problem. 3. Replace the brushes if there is any chance they will not last until the next inspection date. 4. If accumulating, clean foreign material from the grooves between the commutator bars and from the brush holders and posts. 5.Brush sparking, chatter, excessive wear or chipping, and a dirty or rough commutator indicate motor problems requiring prompt service. Figure 1. Typical DC Motor Brushes and Commutator Brushes and Collector Rings (Synchronous Mot ors) 1. Black spots on the collector rings must be removed by rubbing lightly with fine sandpaper. If not removed, these spots cause pitting that requires regrinding the rings. Figure 2. Rotary Converter Armature Showing Commutator And Slip Rings. 2. An imprint of the brush, signs of arcing or uneven wear indicate the need to remove the motor from service and repair or replace the rings. . Check the collector ring brushes as described under â€Å"Brushes and Commutators†. They do not, however, wear as rapidly as commutator brushes. BEARING LUBRICATION: Introduction Modern motor designs usually provide a generous supply of lubricant in tight bearing housings. Lubrication on a scheduled basis, in conformance with the manufacturer's recommendations, provides optimum bearing life. Thoroughly clean the lubrication equipment and fittings before lubricating. Dirt introduced into the bearings during lubrication probably causes more bearing failures than the lack of lubrication.Too mu ch grease can over pack bearings and cause them to run hot, shortening their life. Excessive lubricant can find its way inside the motor where it collects dirt and causes insulation deterioration. Many small motors are built with permanently lubricated bearings. They cannot and should not be lubricated. OILING SLEEVE BEARINGS: As a general rule, fractional horsepower motors with a wick lubrication system should be oiled every 2000 hours of operation or at least annually. Dirty, wet or corrosive locations or heavy loading may require oiling at three-month intervals or more often.Roughly 30 drops of oil for a 3-inch diameter frame to 100 drops for a 9-inch diameter frame is sufficient. Use a 150 SUS viscosity turbine oil or SAE 10 automotive oil. Some larger motors are equipped with oil reservoirs and usually a sight gage to check proper level. (Fig. 3) As long as the oil is clean and light in colour, the only requirement is to fill the cavity to the proper level with the oil recommen ded by the manufacturer. Do not overfill the cavity. If the oil is discoloured, dirty or contains water, remove the drain plug. Flush the bearing with fresh oil until it comes out clean.Coat the plug threads with a sealing compound, replace the plug and fill the cavity to the proper level. When motors are disassembled, wash the housing with a solvent. Discard used felt packing. Replace badly worn bearings. Coat the shaft and bearing surfaces with oil and reassemble. Figure 3. Cross Section of the Bearing System of a Large Motor GREASING BALL AND ROLLER BEARINGS: Practically all Reliance ball bearing motors in current production are equipped with the exclusive PLS/Positive Lubrication System. PLS is a patented open-bearing system that provides long, reliable bearing and motor ife regardless of mounting position. Its special internal passages uniformly distribute new grease pumped into the housing during regreasing through the open bearings and forces old grease out through the drain hole. The close running tolerance between shaft and inner bearing cap minimizes entry of contaminants into the housing and grease migration into the motor. The unique V-groove outer slinger seals the opening between the shaft and end bracket while the motor is running or is at rest yet allows relief of grease along the shaft if the drain hole is plugged. Figure 4) The frequency of routine greasing increases with motor size and severity of the application as indicated in Table 1. Actual schedules must be selected by the user for the specific conditions. During scheduled greasing, remove both the inlet and drain plugs. Pump grease into the housing using a standard grease gun and light pressure until clean grease comes out of the drain hole. If the bearings are hot or noisy even after correction of bearing overloads (see â€Å"Troubleshooting†) remove the motor from service. Wash the housing and bearings with a good solvent. Replace bearings that show signs of damage or wear.Rep ack the bearings, assemble the motor and fill the grease cavity. Whenever motors are disassembled for service, check the bearing housing. Wipe out any old grease. If there are any signs of grease contamination or breakdown, clean and repack the bearing system as described in the preceding paragraph. Figure 4. Cross Section of PLS Bearing System (Positive Lubrication System) HEAT, NOISE AND VIBRATION Heat Excessive heat is both a cause of motor failure and a sign of other motor problems. The primary damage caused by excess heat is to increase the aging rate of the insulation. Heat beyond the insulation's rating shortens winding life.After overheating, a motor may run satisfactorily but its useful life will be shorter. For maximum motor life, the cause of overheating should be identified and eliminated. As indicated in the Troubleshooting Sections, overheating results from a variety of different motor problems. They can be grouped as follows: * WRONG MOTOR: It may be too small or have the wrong starting torque characteristics for the load. This may be the result of poor initial selection or changes in the load requirements. * POOR COOLING: Accumulated dirt or poor motor location may prevent the free flow of cooling air around the motor.In other cases, the motor may draw heated air from another source. Internal dirt or damage can prevent proper air flow through all sections of the motor. Dirt on the frame may prevent transfer of internal heat to the cooler ambient air. * OVERLOADED DRIVEN MACHINE: Excess loads or jams in the driven machine force the motor to supply higher torque, draw more current and overheat. Table 1. Motor Operating Conditions Motor Horsepower| Light Duty(1)| Standard Duty(2)| Heavy Duty(3)| Severe Duty(4)| Up to 7-1/2 10 to 40 50 to 150 Over 150| 10 years 7 years 4 years 1 year| 7 years years 1-1/2 years 6 months| 4 years 1-1/2 years 9 months 3 months| 9 months 4 months 3 months 2 months| * Light Duty: Motors operate infrequently (1 hour/day or less) as in portable floor sanders, valves, door openers. * Standard Duty: Motors operate in normal applications (1 or 2 work shifts). Examples include air conditioning units, conveyors, refrigeration apparatus, laundry machinery, woodworking and textile machines, water pumps, machine tools, garage compressors. * Heavy Duty: Motors subjected to above normal operation and vibration (running 24 hours/day, 365 days/year).Such operations as in steel mill service, coal and mining machinery, motor-generator sets, fans, pumps. * Severe Duty: Extremely harsh, dirty motor applications. Severe vibration and high ambient conditions often exist. * EXCESSIVE FRICTION: Misalignment, poor bearings and other problems in the driven machine, power transmission system or motor increase the torque required to drive the loads, raising motor operating temperature. * ELECTRICAL OVERLOADS: An electrical failure of a winding or connection in the motor can cause other Windings or the entire motor to overh eat. Noise and VibrationNoise indicates motor problems but ordinarily does not cause damage. Noise, however, is usually accompanied by vibration. Vibration can cause damage in several ways. It tends to shake windings loose and mechanically damages insulation by cracking, flaking or abrading the material. Embrittlement of lead wires from excessive movement and brush sparking at commutators or current collector rings also results from vibration. Finally, vibration can speed bearing failure by causing balls to â€Å"brinnell,† sleeve bearings to be pounded out of shape or the housings to loosen in the shells.Whenever noise or vibrations are found in an operating motor, the source should be quickly isolated and corrected. What seems to be an obvious source of the noise or vibration may be a symptom of a hidden problem. Therefore, a thorough investigation is often required. Noise and vibrations can be caused by a misaligned motor shaft or can be transmitted to the motor from the d riven machine or power transmission system. They can also be the result of either electrical or mechanical unbalance in the motor. After checking the motor shaft alignment, disconnect the motor from the driven load.If the motor then operates smoothly, look for the source of noise or vibration in the driven equipment. If the disconnected motor still vibrates, remove power from the motor. If the vibration stops, look for an electrical unbalance. If it continues as the motor coasts without power, look for a mechanical unbalance. Electrical unbalance occurs when the magnetic attraction between stator and rotor is uneven around the periphery of the motor. This causes the shaft to deflect as it rotates creating a mechanical unbalance. Electrical unbalance usually indicates an electrical failure such as an open tator or rotor winding, an open bar or ring in squirrel cage motors or shorted field coils in synchronous motors. An uneven air gap, usually from badly worn sleeve bearings, also pr oduces electrical unbalance. The chief causes of mechanical unbalance include a distorted mounting, bent shaft, poorly balanced rotor, loose parts on the rotor or bad bearings. Noise can also come from the fan hitting the frame, shroud, or foreign objects inside the shroud. If the bearings are bad, as indicated by excessive bearing noise, determine why the bearings failed.Brush chatter is a motor noise that can be caused by vibration or other problems unrelated to vibration. WINDINGS: Care of Windings and Insulation Except for expensive, high horsepower motors, routine inspections generally do not involve opening the motor to inspect the windings. Therefore, long motor life requires selection of the proper enclosure to protect the windings from excessive dirt, abrasives, moisture, oil and chemicals. When the need is indicated by severe operating conditions or a history of winding failures, routine testing can identify deteriorating insulation.Such motors can be removed from service and repaired before unexpected failures stop production. Whenever a motor is opened for repair, service the windings as follows: 1. Accumulated dirt prevents proper cooling and may absorb moisture and other contaminants that damage the insulation. Vacuum the dirt from the windings and internal air passages. Do not use high pressure air because this can damage windings by driving the dirt into the insulation. 2. Abrasive dust drawn through the motor can abrade coil noses, removing insulation. If such abrasion is found, the winding should be revarnished or replaced. . Moisture reduces the dielectric strength of insulation which results in shorts. If the inside of the motor is damp, dry the motor per information in â€Å"Cleaning and Drying Windings†. 4. Wipe any oil and grease from inside the motor. Use care with solvents that can attack the insulation. 5. If the insulation appears brittle, overheated or cracked, the motor should be revarnished or, with severe conditions, rewou nd. 6. Loose coils and leads can move with changing magnetic fields or vibration, causing the insulation to wear, crack or fray. Revarnishing and retying leads may correct minor problems.If the loose coil situation is severe, the motor must be rewound. 7. Check the lead-to-coil connections for signs of overheating or corrosion. These connections are often exposed on large motors but taped on small motors. Repair as needed. 8. Check wound rotor windings as described for stator windings. Because rotor windings must withstand centrifugal forces, tightness is even more important. In addition, check for loose pole pieces or other loose parts that create unbalance problems. 9. The cast rotor rods and end rings of squirrel cage motors rarely need attention.However, open or broken rods create electrical unbalance that increases with the number of rods broken. An open end ring causes severe vibration and noise. TESTING WINDINGS Routine field testing of windings can identify deteriorating ins ulation permitting scheduled repair or replacement of the motor before its failure disrupts operations. Such testing is good practice especially for applications with severe operating conditions or a history of winding failures and for expensive, high horsepower motors and locations where failures can cause health and safety problems or high economic loss.The easiest field test that prevents the most failures is the ground-insulation or 127 megger test. It applies DC voltage, usually 500 or 1000 volts, to the motor and measures the resistance of the insulation. NEMA standards require a minimum resistance to ground at 40 degrees C ambient of 1 mega ohm per kv of rating plus 1 mega ohm. Medium size motors in good condition will generally have mega ohmmeter readings in excess of 50 mega ohms. Low readings may indicate a seriously reduced insulation condition caused by contamination from moisture, oil or conductive dirt or deterioration from age or excessive heat.One megger reading for a motor means little. A curve recording resistance, with the motor cold and hot, and date indicates the rate of deterioration. This curve provides the information needed to decide if the motor can be safely left in service until the next scheduled inspection time. The megger test indicates ground insulation condition. It does not, however, measure turn-to-turn insulation condition and may not pick up localized weaknesses. Moreover, operating voltage peaks may stress the insulation more severely than megger voltage.Experience and conditions may indicate the need for additional routine testing. A test used to prove existence of a safety margin above operating voltage is the AC high potential ground test. It applies a high AC voltage (typically, 65% of a voltage times twice the operating voltage plus 1000 volts) between windings and frame. Although this test does detect poor insulation condition, the high voltage can arc to ground, burning insulation and frame, and can also actually ca use failure during the test. It should never be applied to a motor with a low megger reading.DC rather than AC high potential tests are becoming popular because the test equipment is smaller and the low test current is less dangerous to people and does not create damage of its own. CLEANING AND DRYING WINDINGS Motors which have been flooded or which have low megger readings because of contamination by moisture, oil or conductive dust should be thoroughly cleaned and dried. The methods depend upon available equipment. A hot water hose and detergents are commonly used to remove dirt, oil, dust or salt concentrations from rotors, stators and connection boxes.After cleaning, the windings must be dried, commonly in a forced-draft oven. Time to obtain acceptable megger readings varies from a couple hours to a few days. BRUSH AND COMMUTATOR CARE Some maintenance people with many relatively trouble-free AC squirrel cage motors forget that brushes and commutators require more frequent routin e inspection and service. The result can be unnecessary failures between scheduled maintenance. Many factors are involved in brush and commutator problems. All generally involve brush sparking usually accompanied by chatter and often excessive wear or chipping.Sparking may result from poor commutator conditions or it may cause them. The degree of sparking should be determined by careful visual inspection. The illustrations shown in Fig. 5 are a useful guide. It is very important that you gauge the degree number as accurately as possible. The solution to the problem may well depend upon the accuracy of your answer since many motor, load, environmental and application conditions can cause sparking. It is also imperative that a remedy be determined as quickly as possible. Sparking generally feeds upon itself and becomes worse with time until serious damage results.Some of the causes are obvious and some are not. Some are constant and others intermittent. Therefore, eliminating brush sp arking, especially when it is a chronic or recurring problem, requires a thorough review of the motor and operating conditions. Always recheck for sparking after correcting one problem to see that it solved the total problem. Also remember that, after grinding the commutator and properly reseating the brushes, sparking will occur until the polished, brown surface reforms on the commutator. Figure 5. Degrees of Generator and Motor SparkingNOTE: Small sparks are yellow in colour, and the large sparks are white in colour. The white sparks, or blue-white sparks, are most detrimental to commutation (both brush and commutator). First consider external conditions that affect commutation. Frequent motor overloads, vibration and high humidity cause sparking. Extremely low humidity allows brushes to wear through the needed polished brown commutator surface film. Oil, paint, acid and other chemical vapours in the atmosphere contaminate brushes and the commutator surface. Look for obvious brush and brush holder deficiencies: 1.Be sure brushes are properly seated, move freely in the holders and are not too short. 2. The brush spring pressure must be equal on all brushes. 3. Be sure spring pressure is not too light or too high. Large motors with adjustable springs should be set at about 3 to 4 pounds per square inch of brush surface in contact with the commutators. 4. Remove dust that can cause a short between brush holders and frame. 5. Check lead connections to the brush holders. Loose connections cause overheating. Look for obvious commutator problems: 1. Any condition other than a polished, brown surface under the brushes indicates a problem.Severe sparking causes a rough blackened surface. An oil film, paint spray, chemical contamination and other abnormal conditions can cause a blackened or discolored surface and sparking. Streaking or grooving under only some brushes or flat and burned spots can result from a load mismatch and cause motor electrical problems. Grooved commutators should be removed from service. A brassy appearance shows excessive wear on the surface resulting from low humidity or wrong brush grade. 2. High mica or high or low commutator bars make the brushes jump, causing sparking. 3.Carbon dust, copper foil or other conductive dust in the slots between commutator bars causes shorting and sometimes sparking between bars. If correcting any obvious deficiencies does not eliminate sparking or noise, look to the less obvious possibilities: 1. If brushes were changed before the problem became apparent, check the grade of brushes. Weak brushes may chip. Soft, low abrasive brushes may allow a thick film to form. High friction or high abrasion brushes wear away the brown film, producing a brassy surface. If the problem appears only under one or more of the brushes, two different grades of brushes may have been installed.Generally, use only the brushes recommended by the motor manufacturer or a qualified brush expert. 2. The brush holder may have been reset improperly. If the boxes are more than 1/8†³ from the commutator, the brushes can jump or chip. Setting the brush holder off neutral causes sparking. Normally the brushes must be equally spaced around the commutator and must be parallel to the bars so all make contact with each bar at the same time. 3. An eccentric commutator causes sparking and may cause vibration. Normally, concentricity should be within . 001†³ on high speed, . 002†³ on medium speed and . 04†³ on slow speed motors. 4. Various electrical failures in the motor windings or connections manifest themselves in sparking and poor commutation. Look for shorts or opens in the armature circuit and for grounds, shorts or opens in the field winding circuits. A weak interpole circuit or large air gap also generate brush sparking. SAFETY ACCIDENT in industrial sector defines any incident which has potential to cause injury to human, loss of property and damage to environment. Causes for occurrence of accident * Unsafe Act * Unsafe Conditions Hazards * Conditions prevailing in work place finally leading to accidents.Types * Mechanical * Electrical * Chemical * Environmental Precautions * Look overhead * Watch steps * Wear shoes and helmets * Take care of the flow opening * Avoid lose clothing * Always carry your I-D card CONCLUSION In this project, I have studied the working of electrical repair shop and about the function of Bhilai steel plant. I have obtained some knowledge about * Rolling mill * Blast furnace * Electrical repair shop * Motor windings BIBLIOGRAPHY NOTES TAKEN DURING THE TENURE OF THE VOCATIONAL TRANING INTERNET: www. google. com INTRANRT: SAIL, BSP INTRANET SITE