Irish Violence and the Troubles Essay Example for Free

Irish Violence and the Troubles Essay In this essay I will examine the effect of silence during the ‘troubles’ on individual and national identities; with particular interest to Seamus Deane’s Reading in the Dark, Tim Pat Coogan states that the term Irish Troubles refers to a whole history of violence and colonialism that Ireland has endured, over the last thousand years. ‘To the physical force school of Irish nationalism the Norman coming is generally regarded as the starting point for ‘eight hundred years of British oppression’’ (Coogan, 1996, p. 43). In addition to this, he explains that the term ‘troubles’, is now directed to the modern, twentieth century troubles. They mainly occurred during 1960 to 1998. The reason for the violence and resentment in Northern Ireland is due to the divisions between the nationalists (Roman Catholics) and the unionists (Protestants). The nationalists identify Northern Ireland as part of Ireland, not a separate country, and not another colony of the United Kingdom; whereas the unionists have great allegiance to Britain and regard their position as part of the UK with pride (Coogan, 1996, p. 1). But the Irish agony had been building up slowly also, rooted in complex factors, one of which geography, pre-dates the dawn of history: others involve the outworkings of two forms of colonialism, those of Mother Church and Mother England (Coogan, 1996, p. 1). Discrimination also factored into the tension between the two groups. The unionists rule over Northern Ireland affected most Catholic lives negatively, as they were a minority; they were discriminated in areas of employment, housing and education. Internment or also known as Operation Demetrius is one key issue that contributed to the beginning of the ‘troubles’ (Coogan, 1996. 30). This was introduced by the British Army and the Royal Ulster Constabulary; it involved arresting anyone who was accused of being against the professional military force immediately, without trial. These aspects stirred resentment from the nationalists and inconsequence caused violent rebellion (Coogan, 1996, p. 145). Thus, the violence that was carried out during the ‘troubles’, was chiefly by the IRA (Irish Republic Army), the Ulster Volunteer Force, the British Army and The Royal Ulster Constabulary (Coogan, 1996, p. 18). The aggression of the ‘troubles’ constructed Northern Ireland to be a place of great instability and tension. In his book The Wretched of the Earth, Frantz Fanon comments on the state of the colonised mind. Fanon was a psychiatrist and a theorist of post-colonialism. His work essentially centred on the developing countries, particularly Algeria. In order to break away from colonisation, Fanon advocates violence to the colonised and he is renowned for this factor (Fanon, 1967, pp. 10-11). His main concern is his patients, who are mentally ill. In his final chapter â€Å"Colonial War and Mental Disorders†, he explains that his patients suffer not merely by war but also from a colonial circumstance (Fanon, 1967, p. 235). But the doctors described it by portraying as a congenital stigma of the native, an ‘original’ part of his nervous system where, it was stated, it was possible to find the proof of a predominance of the extra-pyramidal system in the native. This contracture is in fact simply the postural accompaniment to the native’s reticence, the expression in muscular form of his rigidity and his refusal with regard to colonial authority (Fanon, 1967, p. 35). It is this colonial circumstance that inevitably yields the ‘native’ into a nervous, mental state. Fanon pays close attention to language and asserts that language is taken away from the colonised subject (Fanon, 1967, p. 194). The language of colonising involves removing the ‘native’s’ language and speech. Consequently, the colonised is silenced, and this is an oppressive act. ‘Silence’ is defined in The Oxford English Dictionary as an ‘absence of sound’ and ‘speech’; it can be an evasion of discussing something in particular, or it can be something that is forced upon (Soanes and Stevenson, 2008, p. 1342). Sara Maitland, author of A Book of Silence, attempts to understand silence and claims that the OED’s definition is far too indistinct (Maitland, 2008, p. 25). She explores the essence of it in several ways; her own life, history, religion, literature and travel. It is apparent from this book that ‘silence’ is an ambiguous phenomenon that consists of both positive and negative dimensions. Silence is abstract and transforms itself; it can be relative or a complete absence. Maitland observes that it is generally recognised negatively, her friend writes in a letter that, ‘silence is the place of death, of nothingness’ (Maitland, 2008, p. 8). She justifies that silence is only negative when it obstructs. Maitland describes the three forms of ‘interferences’; a subject’s tongue is cut out then they are silenced; if someone is imprisoned, they are silenced, since any noise they make will not be heard; if speech is construed as ‘worthless’ and ‘meaningless’, then it is silenced (Maitland, 2008, p. 29). This is very effective and useful for your average oppressor: calling someone ‘mad’, for example, means they can say what they like but no one will hear – this was the sort of silencing the Soviet Union went in for (Maitland, 2008, p. 9). This form of silence interrupts speech and creates a barrier that subjugates the potential speaker. It is oppressive and in effect it becomes a metaphorical prison. Seamus Deane’s novel Reading in the Dark was published in1996, two years before the end of the ‘troubles’. The novel is a bildungsroman, as it reports the protagonists’ growth from child to an adult, so the reader witnesses the protagonist’s youthful innocence transform with experience, as he comes of age. The narrator is an Irish Catholic boy who is growing up in Northern Ireland, Derry. It is constructed of smaller stories that are dated from 1945 up to 1971, where the protagonist matures into an adult. These stories are fragments of memories, conversations, myths and events that happened in the area. They contribute in narrating the protagonist’s growth from a young child to an adult. Thus with backdrop of the violent ‘troubles’, the narrator develops his understanding of who he is, by unearthing a profound family secret (Deane, 1996). Deane complicates the whole novel by playing with ‘silence’. The style of narration is one of the key methods that he employs to do this. Before the narration begins, the title ‘Reading in the Dark’ indicates towards a narrative of silence and so to a narrative that will be indecipherable. As mentioned before, this novel is a bildungsroman, a story of self-discovery and identity. Ensuing this, to read is to understand, and so the protagonist will understand and discover himself by ‘reading’. However, ‘reading in the dark’ is a paradox, as it is impossible and in result self-discovery is silenced. The opposite of dark is light, and light is generally associated with illumination and knowledge (Farquharson, 1999, p. 101). Whereas, darkness contains an absence, so it becomes the visual equivalent to silence. Deane implies through this understanding of the title that the unfolding of the narrative will be an intricate and complicated process. This displays that the colonial landscape of Northern Ireland and the ‘troubles’ create identity as problematic. Pre-eminent among them are the disfiguring effects of both colonialism and postcolonial nationalism alluded to above, the crisis of self-representation produced by colonialist discourse, and the dynamics of power and resistance, history and memory, language and identity within colonial relations. Read from postcolonial perspective, the novel could be described as an exploration of the problematic process of identity formation in a colonialist context (Harte, 2000, p. 152). As a result, Deane deliberately confirms through his title that self-discovery and understanding of identity is furthermore complex in a colonised state (Fanon, 1967, p. 182). In consequence, darkness obstructs light and silence obstructs articulation. Therefore, silence hinders the narration.

Comparison Between Wimax And HSDPA

Comparison Between Wimax And HSDPA ABSTRACT: The future of wireless networks lies in the coexistence of multiple access network technologies. This paper deals with two data oriented access networks, the worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX) and the high speed downlink packet access (HSDPA). HSDPA and Mobile WiMAX are two different high speed mobile technologies with distinctive backgrounds. WiMAX is based on OFDM as HSDPA is based on CDMA. INTRODUCTION: The objective of this paper is to provide a techno-economic comparison of two wireless broadband technologies, Mobile WiMAX and HSDPA. The comparison is divided into two parts. The first part is a general overview and comparison of the two technology standards. The second part describes the different releases of WiMAX and HSDPA and the market opportunities. What is WiMAX? WiMAX is the new term for IEEE 802.16 STANDARD. It is based on the wireless MAN technology. It is a communication technology that works with the radio spectrum to transmit tens of MB/sec in bandwidth between different devices like laptops. The two stimulating forces of present internet are the wireless and the broadband. The WiMAX standard joins the two high speed broadband internet access over a single wireless connection. As WiMAX can be used for long distance purposes it is a very effective way to solve the last mile problem. WiMAX would operate similar to a Wi-Fi but at higher speeds, large distance and for more number of users. WiMAX has the capability to provide service in areas which are difficult for wired infrastructure to reach and has the ability to overcome the limitations of the traditional wired infrastructure. It will provide wireless broadband access to the buildings, either to existing wired networks or in the rural areas. It can also be connected to the WLAN hotspots to the internet. Some of the characteristics of Mobile WiMAX are: Scalability: Mobile WiMAX has been framed in such a way that it is able to work in different channel BWs ranging from 1.25 to 20 MHz. High Data Rates: when Maximum Input Maximum Output (MIMO) 2*2 is used and DL: UL is in the ratio of 1:0 and 0:1 respectively, in a 10 MHz channel high data rates can theoretically support peak download data rates up to 63Mb/s per sector and peak upload data rates up to 28 Mb/s per sector. Mobility: Seamless handoff which is less than 50ms latency and Quality of Service (QoS): QoS measures for WiMAX include availability of service, throughput of data, jitter and the rate of error. WHAT IS HSDPA? High speed Downlink packet access (HSDPA) is a packet based data service feature of the WCDMA standard. In the WCDMA downlink, the data transmission is up to 8-10 Megabits/sec over a bandwidth of 5MHZ. It is sometimes referred to as a 3.5G technology. HSDPA is an advancement of the WCDMA standard which is created to increase the data rate by a factor of 5 or more. HSDPA improves on W-CDMA by using different techniques for modulation and coding. It defines a new WCDMA called high-speed downlink shared channel (HS-DSCH). That channel performs contrastingly from other channels and helps to fasten the downlink speeds. HS-DSCH is used only for the downlink communication of the mobile. That means that data is sent from the source to the phone. It isnt possible to send data from the phone to a source using HSDPA. The channel is shared between all users which lets the radio signals to be used most effectively for the fastest downloads. Multimedia: From the technical point of view the choice between voice communications in VoIP/WiMAX or WCDMA/HSDPA is a matter of taste. But not in economic terms WCDMA traffic is much costlier than VoIP traffic. For transmitting multimedia data both technologies have practically the same capacities. Both WiMAX and HSDPA have traffic prioritizing and Quality of Service. Security: The security service in a WiMAX is used by an operator to gain benefits from this service as there is always a chance of theft of service in connections, bandwidth and so on. Hence the security service is divided into two parts namely the encryption and the authentication/key derivation. WiMAX supports modern cryptographic algorithms. In HSDPA, Users are authorized by their SIM (or R-UIM) cards. HSDPA does not provide any additional security functions. Typical of all CDMA standards, data encoding for various users works better than any cryptographic algorithm, but doesnt work if an interrupter somehow gets its channels code (like special agents) or is in a base station. Whereas, in WiMAX the base station is strongly protected from management attacks and as the system is organized strongly a certificate based security is easy to deploy and is advisable. Bandwidth: When HSDPA and WiMAX are at same distance from a base station, the gain in HSDPA vs. WiMAX is not clear yet. One of the main reasons for this is WiMAX doesnt have many frequency ranges. But if HSDPA, being an evolutional step in the development of WCDMA, is getting close to the threshold of spectral efficiency, while WiMAX has many likely ways of progression such as new modulation schemes (as well combined with the old ones),MIMO(multiple-input-multiple output)and new frequency ranges (ranging from 10GHz to 66GHz). Modulation: With the use of a robust modulation scheme at long ranges with high spectral efficiency WiMAX gives tremendous throughput and also bears multipath fading. WiMAX base station interchanges throughput for range and this is allowed by the dynamic adaptive modulation. HSDPA supports 16 QAM and QPSK modulation whereas WiMAX supports QPSK, 16 QAM and 64 QAM. This implies that Mobile WiMAX supports higher order modulation than HSDPA. With 64 QAM 6 bits can be carried per symbol and thus higher data rates can be achieved.

Atchafalaya: River Control :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Atchafalaya is the most original basins because it has a growing system with very stable wetlands. It is also the biggest river swamp in North America but has lost about 3,760 acres between 1932 and 1990. The loss of the wetlands is primarily due to erosion, human activities, and natural conversion. Many human activities, such as oil and gas pipelines, have interrupted the movement of flow and sediment within the wetlands that it is another factor in the loss of acres for the Atchafalaya. But there is not a total loss in this, the Atchafalaya have also positive outlooks on things. The basin consists of more fish compared to any other natural water system in North America. Let alone the production and distribution of three types of crawfish found in Atchafalaya. The crawfish is the main moneymaker for New Orleans fish markets. But the crawfish may only resemble 10-20% of what is caught. Most of it results in bycatch, organisms caught in the shrimp nets that ar e discarded, and the Atchafalaya is seen some times as a floating graveyard of different expired species.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Unfortunately, natural delta growth has been hampered by dredging activities along the main navigation channel. Dredge materials have been placed along side the channel, there by choking off the natural supply of fresh water and sediment to the marsh. TO solve this problem Atchafalaya sediment projects were designed to restore fresh water and sediment delivery processes to the Atchafalaya delta. Within 20 years, this is expected to create an additional 3,000 acres of wetland habitat.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Out of the 50,000 acres of Atchafalaya, three fourths of it is privately owned. The only way this is determined is if the land accretes from the shore of a lake or a bayou, it is the property of an owner. But if the land accretes as an island, the state owns it; making it an imbalance between government and private landowners. Most landowners are not looking at Atchafalaya as a historical landmark, but for what is worth under the water’s surface as money value. These wetlands support a 1 billion dollar annual fishery industry, therefore making these wetlands a positive outlook on the employment opportunities for the Louisiana people. Many fishermen make a living off of the marine species inhabiting the Atchafalaya. But the employment for this occupation is decreasing because of the land loss. Making it difficult for fishermen to understand what is government owned and what is privately owned.

The role of knowledge management in innovation Essay -- Analysis, Mari

This article has been written by Marina du Plessis in 2007. The author intends to make clear the role of knowledge management in innovation as an assist to addressing this complexity and clarify the role of knowledge management in innovation as an aid to addressing this complexity. This is a viewpoint paper which is based on literature research and personal experiences and interpretation from the author. She uses the simple sentences and easy to be understood even for the first timer reader. Furthermore, the arrangement of the content is such an empirical paper that may attract readers to read the article. As the other empirical paper, this study also provides abstract that summarises the whole content of this research paper. According to the author, Plessis (2007), the complexity of innovation has increased by growth in the amount of knowledge available to organizations as basis for innovation. This statement is agreed by other researchers, Adams and Lamont (2003); Cardinal et al., (2001); Darroch and McNaughton (2002); Pyka (2002) and Shani et al., (2003) who state that innovation is really dependent on the availability of knowledge and therefore the complexity created by the blast of richness and reach of knowledge has to be identified and managed to ensure successful innovation. Besides that, in a previous study that has been conducted by Ruggles, R. & Little R. (1997), they also have the positive opinion about knowledge management and innovation when they assert that innovation as one end to which knowledge management can be applied. Additionally, innovation has been demonstrated to be a key value creator for organizations, in both times of cost cutting and in times of growth. As such, it stands out as one excellent objectiv... ... teams or learning-by-doing capabilities, which leads to new product and process innovations. Besides that, explicit knowledge is also an important component of innovation. Rodan (2002) in his case study asserts that if one views the conï ¬â€šuence of tacit and explicit knowledge elements that create a new idea as probabilistic, increasing the opportunities for the said conï ¬â€šuence of knowledge elements should raise the frequency of new combinations occurring, thus positively impacting innovation. As a conclusion, it is clear that knowledge management plays a vital essential role in innovation. Therefore, it is very crucial for both knowledge management professional and innovation to understand the systematic relationship between these concepts and the value that it can generate in respect of creating and maintaining sustainable competitive advantage for organisation.

breaking the norm Essay -- essays research papers

Breaking the Norms  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When each of us was conceived, we did not have anything influencing our perception of the world. While we were growing up and still do this day, our surroundings influenced the way we think and the how we behave in our daily lives. We get ideas about gender roles from our parents, our teachers, television, books and even subconsciously. As part of a project to break the norms of society and push past peoples thresholds, I needed to figure out what made people feel uncomfortable. I thought for a moment and decided to tackle homophobia. I choose this topic because very few men are comfortable talking about the subject of gay men. It is my objective to better understand why men think the way we do. In order to get started I needed to brainstorm.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After a little bit of deliberation, Juan and some other male classmates decided to hold hands and walk through the student union. Picture four grown men holding each others hands, walking through the middle of campus. As you can imagine, we received a lot of looks. We walked around for about five minutes as if nothing was going on. People seemed to be staring at us for a moment saying to themselves â€Å"what are they doing?† This is something that never happens in society. You hardly ever see men holding hands, much less four grown men swinging each others arms. Honestly, my first thought was that we would look so gay if we did this. Others in the group were skeptical at first to do this as well. When we walked into class, the students seem to cringe when they saw us take our seats.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After that day I decided to take my project one step farther and push past everyone’s threshold. In order to break the norms of society and truly make people uncomfortable, I decided to wear the color pink for the entire day of school. I went to the local Savers and purchased several items that were very feminine. I bought a pair of pink and yellow striped bellbottoms and a tight pink collared shirt. I wore the clothes to school in the hopes to witness the students reactions to me wearing clothes completely out of the ordinary. After attending two classes that day, I decided to talk to some friends of mine. They all told me that I looked like a â€Å"fag.† I finally had broke the norms of society and at the same time caught my friends stereot... ...ey take it in the rear!† Some of the men I asked even said they felt â€Å"homosexuality is like a disease that you might rub off on you if you get too close.† Many of these men felt like their families would disown them. My feeling is that if you are not gay then you have no reason to be afraid of someone who is. I feel that if you have no doubt in your sexuality then you wouldn’t feel threatened by someone who is.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I don’t feel that men are truly independent or confident enough to let go and feel as comfortable as females do. I feel that the social construction of our society needs to be modified. Men need to be taught that it is okay to show emotion and that whatever their sexuality is, it doesn’t matter. To be more masculine we should learn to cope with our sexuality, and not be afraid. Masculinity does not mean without feeling, it means being strong and coming to terms with who you are. Wearing a pink shirt or holding hands with someone doesn’t mean anything then just that. With so many influences changing our perception of the world, its hard to make the right choices. You should not be so quick to judge someone, and in this case, why does it matter?

Quantum Physics

However, it must be noted that the European Debt Crisis is still going on in most of the European countries, and thus, It might be more favorable for Ping An to focus on the Salsa- Pacific market where most of the markets are still emerging and most importantly, hose markets have low correlation with the impact of global economy crisis due to lesser trading activities with those countries affected by the crisis.In order to penetrate successfully Into emerging market and less developed countries such as India, Vietnam and Africa, one needs to understand several factors relating to the target markets such as local cultural & customary practices, size & scope of possible opportunities, understand needs and wants of consumers and observe how the services are used In the market and by whom. Moreover, the strategy Ping An choose o pursue foreign market opportunities usually depends on a number of factors including cost of alternative strategies, the amount of inherent risks involved, gover nment regulations and local market conditions.While asset management had been slow to take off in most developed countries, insurance sectors are growing rapidly In emerging economies. Supported by favorable macroeconomic factors including population growth and rising income levels such as the case of India where the Indian insurance industry emerged as one of the fastest developing markets of he global insurance industry (Money Control 2011). Some of the market entry strategies that Ping An could use Include setting up wholly owned subsidiaries In these emerging market.This Is when 100% of the substandard common stock Is owned by Ping An. With such strategy, Ping An could introduce its insurance products to the locals according to their needs and wants. Moreover, in order to compete with the rest of the insurance companies in India, Ping An would need to engage in product Innovation so as to better match the risk profile of policy holders and making ales and marketing more responsi ble & answerable (Parker 2012). Ping An could also engage in less risky strategy such as partnering with the local insurance companies or Joint ventures.A Joint venture Is a strategic alliance where 2 or more parties, usually businesses, form a partnership to share markets, Intellectual property, assets, knowledge and profits. Such strategy is deemed to be less risky since the local partnership might provide Ping An access to greater resources including, specialized staff and technology. Moreover, local companies would have greater understanding of the local's needs and wants, allowing Ping An to customize insurance products that suits the needs of policy holders.However, it must be noted that the main disadvantage of such strategy is that in most joint ventures, objectives are usually not 100% clear and communicated with everyone involved, thus this could lead to unwanted dispute between parties (Allen 2011). Last but not least, Ping An could also engage In foreign direct Investmen t by purchasing the shares of another insurance company in the emerging market. For example, India recently has 1 OFF companies (Chuddar and Kola 2014). Such opening of the sector could be consider as an opportunity for Ping An to penetrate into the large IIS$ 66. Billion Indian market (FIEF 2014). However, rigid due diligence must be done about the local insurance companies prior investing to prevent any mishaps or poor performance of the company. In conclusion, Ping An could consider engaging in these market entry strategies that have been posit earlier but there is a need to weigh both the advantages and disadvantages of executing these different strategy so as to ensure a successful global expansion of Ping An insurance business.

Cooks Brook Research

On September 8th of last week five teens went out to cooks brook for a day of swimming and adventure. Only four teens returned home that night. â€Å"We told him the rocks were two close† Comments Mark McGuire, one of the teens who went out to Cooks Brook that day. They were going out for a day of adventure but that day changed into a time of sadness for the small town of Boulder, Colorado. Tyler Nash 17, died around 4:30 on the eight of September. The five teens headed out to Cooks Brook around 10:00 that morning to have a day of hiking and cliff jumping as many teens in Boulder do on their Saturdays.They started with the lower rocks and soon they moved onto the cliffs, Tyler unlike the rest wanted to jump off the highest cliff he could. His peers advised him of the shelf of rock below. Tyler was already mid- air. â€Å"He never seemed to be afraid of anything, He was always up for adventure. He was the one who was always taking risks†. States Emily Haven a friend of T yler. Police do not believe this was a suicide attempt either as all of the teens participating. Police do believe that alcohol use could have been a factor in the teen’s death.They police and rescue team have still not found the body of Tyler and are now increasing the surface area of their search. The Nash Family has not yet made a statement on their son’s actions but has asked the press to withhold questions, as they need time to deal with their son’s death. The high school Tyler attended is holding a remembrance assembly, at 12:30 in the main gym. All are welcome. ———————– Teen dies cliff jumping at Cooks Brook. Body is not found. Cooks Brook Research On September 8th of last week five teens went out to cooks brook for a day of swimming and adventure. Only four teens returned home that night. â€Å"We told him the rocks were two close† Comments Mark McGuire, one of the teens who went out to Cooks Brook that day. They were going out for a day of adventure but that day changed into a time of sadness for the small town of Boulder, Colorado. Tyler Nash 17, died around 4:30 on the eight of September. The five teens headed out to Cooks Brook around 10:00 that morning to have a day of hiking and cliff jumping as many teens in Boulder do on their Saturdays.They started with the lower rocks and soon they moved onto the cliffs, Tyler unlike the rest wanted to jump off the highest cliff he could. His peers advised him of the shelf of rock below. Tyler was already mid- air. â€Å"He never seemed to be afraid of anything, He was always up for adventure. He was the one who was always taking risks†. States Emily Haven a friend of T yler. Police do not believe this was a suicide attempt either as all of the teens participating. Police do believe that alcohol use could have been a factor in the teen’s death.They police and rescue team have still not found the body of Tyler and are now increasing the surface area of their search. The Nash Family has not yet made a statement on their son’s actions but has asked the press to withhold questions, as they need time to deal with their son’s death. The high school Tyler attended is holding a remembrance assembly, at 12:30 in the main gym. All are welcome. ———————– Teen dies cliff jumping at Cooks Brook. Body is not found.